The short version of reference standard fits in a sentence. The long version — which is the one that helps — is below.
This page was last updated on 2026-02-10 and is reviewed periodically as new material appears.
In rodent studies, SR9009 has been reported to increase mitochondrial content in skeletal muscle and improve exercise endurance under some conditions. These findings led to popular descriptions such as an exercise mimetic, although that term oversimplifies the biology. Effects vary by dose, timing, tissue, and model. The compound's influence on circadian pathways means that time of administration can matter in experiments. Whether similar metabolic changes occur in humans remains largely unexplored in controlled published trials.
Pharmacokinetic data for SR9009 are limited in published literature. Some reports indicate low oral bioavailability and rapid clearance in animals, which complicates interpretation of exposure and effect. Researchers often use injected routes in preclinical work to achieve measurable systemic levels. Analytical studies rely on mass spectrometry to detect the parent compound and its metabolites. Questions about tissue distribution, active metabolites, and long-term consequences remain open. Species differences in metabolism can affect observed half-life and target engagement.
For long-term storage, SR9009 is typically kept as a solid at low temperature, protected from moisture and light. Desiccated conditions limit hydrolysis, while opaque containers reduce photochemical breakdown. Solutions are less stable than solids and are often stored frozen in aliquots to avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. Stability data are not standardized across all suppliers, so users should rely on certificate-of-analysis information when available. Degradation may appear as color change, precipitate, or decreased chromatographic purity.
Laboratory identification of SR9009 typically relies on chromatographic separation coupled to mass spectrometry, often with ultraviolet detection as a secondary check. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy can confirm molecular structure when a reference standard is available. Because many suppliers sell the compound as a research chemical, independent identity testing is important for experimental reproducibility. A single retention time is not sufficient proof of identity, especially when related compounds may be present. Purity assessments usually report a percentage based on area normalization.
SR9009 is generally described as poorly soluble in water and more soluble in organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide and ethanol. Stock solutions are commonly prepared in an organic solvent before dilution into an aqueous buffer or vehicle. Precipitation can occur if the organic fraction is reduced too quickly or if the final concentration exceeds the compound's solubility limit. Sonication or gentle warming may aid dissolution in some protocols, but excessive heat can promote degradation. Container material and pH can also influence observed solubility.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Chemical class | Synthetic small-molecule REV-ERB agonist | Not a hormone or natural product |
| Primary targets | REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ | Nuclear receptors involved in circadian and metabolic regulation |
| Appearance | White to off-white solid | Typical for purified research samples |
| Solubility | Soluble in DMSO and ethanol; low water solubility | Laboratory solubility depends on solvent and purity |
| Common synonyms | SR9009; Stenabolic | Stenabolic is a colloquial name, not a formal chemical name |
Regulatory status varies by country and intended use. Major drug agencies have not granted marketing authorization for SR9009 as a medicine, and it is not listed as a controlled substance in many jurisdictions. It is often sold as a research chemical, a category that may fall outside pharmaceutical manufacturing rules. Buyers should verify local laws and supplier documentation, including certificates of analysis. The lack of standardized quality controls raises concerns about identity, purity, and actual content in products marketed online.
In laboratory settings, SR9009 is commonly identified by its molecular structure and its interaction with REV-ERB receptors. Vendors may list it under synonyms such as Stenabolic or REV-ERB agonist, but those names do not define purity or identity. Analytical confirmation typically uses high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection or liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. A reference standard is needed to compare retention time and mass spectrum, because the compound can be confused with related research chemicals.
== Regulation == Post-translational modifications of prolidase regulate its enzymatic abilities. Phosphorylation of prolidase has been shown to increase its activity while dephosphorylation leads to a decrease in enzyme activity. Analysis of known consensus sequence required for serine/threonine phosphorylation revealed that prolidase contains at least three potential sites for serine/threonine phosphorylation. Nitric oxide, both exogenously acquired and endogenously generated, was shown to increase prolidase activity in a time- and dose-dependent manner via phosphorylation at these serine and threonine sites. Additionally, prolidase may also be regulated at tyrosine phosphorylation sites, which are mediated by FAK and MAPK signaling pathways.
=== Canada === In Canada, methadone can be prescribed in office settings and then picked up by patients at their local pharmacies. Regulations for methadone are made at the provincial level in Canada in comparison to the United States where much of the regulations comes from a federal level. While these offices offer counseling services, they are not required in order to receive methadone treatment. This practice coupled with methadone being accessible at community pharmacies makes the treatment more accessible to communities. In 1972, Canada's Narcotics Control Act prohibited the prescription of methadone to patients which stood in effect until 1996 when regulation of methadone became decentralized. Prescribers were still required to receive a federal exemption to prescribe methadone until 2018, during a spike in opioid overdose deaths, when the federal government removed this previously needed authorization. Nurse practitioners are also allowed to prescribe methadone in Canada. There is encouraged communication between the prescriber and pharmacist overseeing the treatment. Methadone will be denied to patients that show up to pharmacies visibly intoxicated or sedated state. In addition to pharmacies, methadone can be dispensed in assisted living facilities, long-term care facilities, and jails/prisons.
==== Neuroimaging ==== Although global abnormalities in white matter and grey matter are not consistently associated with cannabis use, reduced hippocampal volume is consistently found. Amygdala abnormalities are sometimes reported, although findings are inconsistent. There is evidence that amygdala volume is smaller in cannabis users. Cannabis use is associated with increased recruitment of task-related areas, such as the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, which is thought to reflect compensatory activity due to reduced processing efficiency. Cannabis use is also associated with downregulation of CB1 receptors. The magnitude of down regulation is associated with cumulative cannabis exposure, and is reversed after one month of abstinence. There is limited evidence that chronic cannabis use can reduce levels of glutamate metabolites in the human brain.
Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, Benjamin EJ, Berry JD, Borden WB, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2013 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2013;127(1):e6-e245. PMID 23239837. Citations: 77,037. Wiviott SD, Raz I, Bonaca MP, Mosenzon O, Kato ET, Cahn A, et al. Dapagliflozin and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(4):347-357. PMID 30415602. Citations: 6,621. Lloyd-Jones DM, Hong Y, Labarthe D, Mozaffarian D, Appel LJ, Van Horn L, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics 2005 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2005;111(10):e3-e244. PMID 15753209. Citations: 8,644. Mehran R, Rao SV, Bhatt DL, Gibson CM, Caixeta A, Eikelboom J, et al. Standardized bleeding definitions for cardiovascular clinical trials: a consensus report from the Bleeding Academic Research Consortium. Circulation. 2011;123(23):2736-2747. PMID 21670242. Citations: 4,620. Scirica BM, Bhatt DL, Braunwald E, Steg PG, Davidson J, Hirshberg B, et al. Saxagliptin and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(14):1317-1326. PMID 23992601. Citations: 4,366. Adams HP Jr, Del Zoppo G, Alberts MJ, Bhatt DL, Brass L, Furlan A, et al. Guidelines for the early management of adults with ischemic stroke: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council. Stroke. 2007;38(5):1655-1711. PMID 17515473. Citations: 4,209. Bhatt DL, Fox KA, Hacke W, Berger PB, Black HR, Boden WE, et al.
=== Social media and memes === On X (formerly Twitter), there are numerous accounts with names like "Socialists for Pritzker", "Nomadic Warriors for Pritzker", "Frat Bros for Pritzker", and "Anarchists for Pritzker". Socialists for Pritzker has over 13,000 followers. The accounts have been described as semi-ironic. Pritzker has said the attention is "entertaining, if a little strange" and that he keeps up with several of the accounts. Nomadic Warriors for Pritzker has dubbed Pritzker the "Great Khan of the Midwest" and mapped out battle plans for a Mongol Empire-inspired military campaign across the nation. The group of accounts, dubbed the "Pritzker Pals", launched a website, coconutbigboy.com, with the goal of influencing Vice President Kamala Harris to pick Pritzker as her running mate in the 2024 presidential election. A TikTok account called "Pritzker Memes" garnered 20,000 followers. Some of the memes relate to Pritzker's size, with one political commentator saying, "He is enormous, doesn't come off as particularly intellectual, and has good instincts". Pritzker launched his own beer brand, JBeers, ahead of the 2024 Democratic National Convention in Chicago. He also named Malört the DNC's "unofficial shot". On February 7, 2025, after President Trump announced that the Gulf of Mexico had been renamed the "Gulf of America", Pritzker posted a satirical video on his personal Twitter account announcing Illinois's annexation of Green Bay, Wisconsin, and the renaming of Lake Michigan to "Lake Illinois".
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
=== Operation Inherent Resolve === On 19 December 2014, Stars & Stripes, a daily military newspaper, announced 1,000 soldiers from the 82nd Airborne's 3rd Brigade Combat Team would deploy to Iraq to train, advise, and assist Iraq's Security Forces. On 3 November 2016, it was reported that 1,700 soldiers from the 2d Brigade Combat Team will deploy to the US Central Command area of responsibility in Iraq, to take part in Operation Inherent Resolve. They will replace the 2d Brigade Combat Team, 101st Airborne Division and will advise and assist Iraqi Security Forces currently trying to retake Mosul from ISIS fighters. On 27 March 2017, it was reported that 300 paratroopers from the 82nd Airborne's 2nd Brigade Combat Team will temporarily deploy to northern Iraq to provide additional advise-and-assist combating ISIS, particularly to speed up the offensive against ISIS in Mosul. On 31 December 2019, approximately 750 soldiers from the 82nd Airborne's Immediate Response Force were authorized to be deployed to Iraq in response to events which saw the United States' embassy in the country stormed. From the start of January 2017 to September 2017, the division suffered the loss of five paratroopers killed in action.
=== Other impacts === In 1985, Henry Waxman, an American politician, called for a U.S. government inquiry into the Bhopal disaster, which resulted in U.S. legislation regarding the accidental release of toxic chemicals in the United States.
== Plant hormone signaling == The plant hormone auxin binds Tir1 (Transport Inhibitor Response 1). Tir1 is an Auxin Signaling F-box Protein (AFB) that acts as an auxin receptor. Auxin-bound Tir1 stimulates binding of SCF-Tir1 to the AUX/IAA repressor. Subsequent degradation of the repressor results in activation of AUX/IAA (i.e. auxin-responsive) genes. The plant hormone Jasmonate binds Coi1, an FBP. SCF-Coi1 then binds the JAZ transcription factor and targets it for degradation. Degradation of the JAZ transcription factor allows for the transcription of the jasmonate responsive genes.
For example, because of this trend in the sizes of orbitals, a large difference in atomic radii between the first and second members of each main group is seen in groups 1 and 13–17: it exists between neon and argon, and between helium and beryllium, but not between helium and neon. This similarly affects the noble gases' boiling points and solubilities in water, where helium is too close to neon, and the large difference characteristic between the first two elements of a group appears only between neon and argon. Moving helium to group 2 makes this trend consistent in groups 2 and 18 as well, by making helium the first group 2 element and neon the first group 18 element: both exhibit the characteristic properties of a kainosymmetric first element of a group. The group 18 placement of helium nonetheless remains near-universal due to its extreme inertness. Additionally, tables that float both hydrogen and helium outside all groups may rarely be encountered.
In most single-tablet, over-the-counter, daily vitamin and mineral supplements, zinc is included in such forms as zinc oxide, zinc acetate, zinc gluconate, or zinc amino acid chelate. Generally, zinc supplement is recommended where there is high risk of zinc deficiency (such as low and middle income countries) as a preventive measure. Although zinc sulfate is a commonly used zinc form, zinc citrate, gluconate and picolinate may be valid options as well. These forms are better absorbed than zinc oxide.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
It is a synthetic research compound that activates REV-ERB nuclear receptors. It is not an approved drug or dietary supplement. Most information comes from cell and animal studies.
It binds REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ and changes transcription of metabolic genes. This can affect circadian rhythm, lipid use, and mitochondrial function. The full downstream effects are still under study.
No. Some rodent studies show increased endurance, but controlled human trials are lacking. Claims about human performance are not established by published evidence.
Liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry is a common approach. Ultraviolet detection and nuclear magnetic resonance can support identification when suitable standards are available.