This is a working overview of circadian clock, written for readers who want more than a one-paragraph summary but less than a textbook.
Reviewed 2025-12-19. Anything still debated is marked as such rather than presented as settled.
Laboratory identification of SR9009 typically relies on chromatographic separation coupled to mass spectrometry, often with ultraviolet detection as a secondary check. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy can confirm molecular structure when a reference standard is available. Because many suppliers sell the compound as a research chemical, independent identity testing is important for experimental reproducibility. A single retention time is not sufficient proof of identity, especially when related compounds may be present. Purity assessments usually report a percentage based on area normalization.
SR9009 is generally described as poorly soluble in water and more soluble in organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide and ethanol. Stock solutions are commonly prepared in an organic solvent before dilution into an aqueous buffer or vehicle. Precipitation can occur if the organic fraction is reduced too quickly or if the final concentration exceeds the compound's solubility limit. Sonication or gentle warming may aid dissolution in some protocols, but excessive heat can promote degradation. Container material and pH can also influence observed solubility.
Analytical methods for SR9009 typically rely on liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The technique can separate the parent compound from related substances and detect low concentrations in biological matrices. Urine and blood are common samples in anti-doping testing, while in vitro studies may use cell culture media. Rapid metabolism and low expected concentrations make method validation important for reliable identification. Exact metabolite patterns can vary by species and are not fully mapped.
Regulatory treatment of SR9009 reflects its investigational status. The compound has no approved human therapeutic indication, and sports authorities prohibit its use. It appears on anti-doping lists as a non-approved substance or metabolic modulator, depending on the list version. Products sold online as research chemicals are not quality-controlled medicines, so their identity and purity can differ from the label. Such products may also contain unlisted compounds, which complicates both testing and safety assessment.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Appearance | White to off-white powder | Visual inspection is not sufficient for identity. |
| Solubility | Soluble in DMSO and ethanol | Low solubility in water; stock solutions use organic solvent. |
| Storage | -20°C, desiccated, protected from light | Limits hydrolysis and photodegradation. |
| Analytical method | HPLC-UV/MS | Used for identity and purity assessment. |
| Synonyms | SR9009, Stenabolic | Naming varies by supplier. |
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. It is not an approved medicine and has no established human therapeutic use. The compound appears in scientific literature as a tool for probing circadian and metabolic regulation. Online sellers often label it as a research chemical, sometimes using the nickname Stenabolic. Its chemical identity is distinct from selective androgen receptor modulators, stimulants, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta agonists. Researchers use it mainly in cell and animal experiments.
At the molecular level, SR9009 binds REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ and alters their repressive activity on target genes. These nuclear receptors help regulate the circadian clock, lipid synthesis, glucose metabolism, and inflammatory pathways. By changing transcription, the compound can shift the timing or magnitude of downstream metabolic processes in model systems. It does not act through androgen receptors or adenosine receptors, which distinguishes it from several substances sold for athletic performance. Whether the same transcriptional changes occur in humans at tolerable exposures remains an open question because controlled human studies are lacking.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule developed as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα (NR1D1) and REV-ERBβ (NR1D2). These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. In cell and animal studies, SR9009 alters transcription of genes involved in lipid metabolism, inflammation, and mitochondrial function. It is not an approved medicine, and its pharmacological profile in humans remains largely uncharacterized. The compound is frequently discussed in the context of circadian biology and metabolic research rather than clinical use.
Preclinical reports have linked SR9009 to improved endurance and altered energy expenditure in rodents. Such findings have prompted interest in whether REV-ERB activation can influence skeletal muscle metabolism. However, the reported effects depend on dose, route, and experimental model, and replication across laboratories is limited. Human trials have not established comparable outcomes, so claims about exercise performance remain speculative. The absence of controlled human data is a central limitation in interpreting these observations.
== Clinical research == Although lipoic acid has been tested in clinical research for potential use as a therapy for various diseases, the studies have been of limited quality, with no conclusive evidence that it is warranted as a therapeutic, as of 2026. According to the American Cancer Society as of 2013, "there is no reliable scientific evidence at this time that lipoic acid prevents the development or spread of cancer". As of 2015, intravenously administered ALA is unapproved anywhere in the world except Germany for diabetic neuropathy, but has been proven reasonably safe and effective. As of 2012, there was no good evidence alpha lipoic acid helps people with mitochondrial disorders. A 2018 review found that ALA had a small effect to reduce body weight, but is not cost-effective as a dietary supplement. A 2025 study indicated a positive effect in a cellular model of Friedreich's ataxia.
According to the NY-AG, only about 20% of the herbal supplements tested contained the plants claimed. The methodology used by the NY-AG was disputed. The test involves looking for DNA fragments from the plants named as the dietary supplement ingredients in the products. One scientist said that it was possible that the extraction process used to create the supplements removed or destroyed all DNA. This, however, would not explain the presence of DNA from plants such as rice or wheat, that were not listed as ingredients. A study of dietary supplements sold between 2007 and 2016 identified 776 that contained unlisted pharmaceutical drugs, many of which could interact with other medications and lead to hospitalization. 86% of the adulterated supplements were marketed for weight loss and sexual performance, with many containing prescription erectile dysfunction medication. Muscle building supplements were contaminated with anabolic steroids that can lead to health complications affecting the kidney, the heart, and cause gynecomastia. Multiple bodybuilding products also contained antidepressants and antihistamines. Despite these findings, fewer than half of the adulterated supplements were recalled.
Benorterone, also known as 17α-methyl-B-nortestosterone or as 17α-methyl-B-norandrost-4-en-17β-ol-3-one, is a synthetic androstane steroid and a derivative of testosterone. Specifically, it is the C17α methyl and B-nor analogue of testosterone and the B-nor analogue of methyltestosterone. Other testosterone-derived steroidal antiandrogens include abiraterone acetate, BOMT, delanterone, dienogest, galeterone, metogest, mifepristone, oxendolone, rosterolone, topterone, trimethyltrienolone, and zanoterone, while progesterone-derived steroidal antiandrogens include examples like cyproterone and cyproterone acetate.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
In 1996, the Stony Brook group trapped 3000 atoms in their MOT, which was enough for a video camera to capture the light given off by the atoms as they fluoresce. Francium has not been synthesized in amounts large enough to weigh.
=== COVID-19 === Four studies (two clinical trials and electronic health record studies) found that metformin may help prevent Long COVID when taken during the acute infection. It is unclear if there is a reduced risk of death using metformin to treat people with COVID-19.
As it contains Lactobacillus bacteria, kefir can be used to make a sourdough starter. It is also useful as a buttermilk substitute in baking. Kefir is one of the main ingredients in cold borscht soup in Lithuania, also known in Poland as Lithuanian cold soup (chłodnik litewski), and other countries. The kefir-based soup okroshka is common across the former Soviet Union. Kefir may be used in place of milk on cereal, granola, milkshakes, salad dressing, ice cream, smoothies and soup. In Estonia, kefir is also often mixed with kama and eaten as a snack or a quick breakfast.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
He lived out the last ten years of his life addicted to chloral and alcohol, in part to mask the pain of botched surgery to an enlarged testicle in 1877. Oliver Sacks (1933–2015) abused chloral hydrate in 1965 as a depressed insomniac. He found himself taking fifteen times the usual dose of chloral hydrate every night before he eventually ran out, causing violent withdrawal symptoms. Anna Nicole Smith (1967–2007) died of "combined drug intoxication" with chloral hydrate as the "major component". John Tyndall (1820–1893), an Irish physicist, died of an accidental overdose of chloral administered by his wife. Evelyn Waugh (1903–1966), insomniac for much of his adult life, for which "in later life ... he became so deleteriously dependent on chloral". Waugh's novel, The Ordeal of Gilbert Pinfold, is largely a fictionalised account of an episode Waugh himself experienced as a result of excessive use of chloral in combination with bromide and alcohol. Waugh's friend and biographer Christopher Sykes observed that Waugh's description of D. G. Rossetti's demise under the effects of excessive use of chloral in his 1928 biography of the artist "is a fairly exact description of how [Waugh's own] life ended in 1966". Country music singer Hank Williams (1923–1953) died from a combination of chloral hydrate, morphine and whiskey. Renée Vivien (1877-1909), a prominent lesbian poet during the Belle Époque, abused chloral hydrate for much of her life.
In the discharge of their constitutional and statutory responsibilities, the chairman of the Rajya Sabha is assisted by the secretary-general, who holds the rank equivalent to the cabinet secretary to the government of India. The secretary-general, in turn, is assisted by senior functionaries at the level of secretary, additional secretary, joint secretary and other officers and staff of the secretariat. The present secretary-general is Pramod Chandra Mody. In the winter 2019 session, uniforms of Rajya Sabha marshals were restyled from traditional Indian attire comprising turbans to dark navy blue and olive green military-style outfits with caps.
Isotope masses from: Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001 Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources. Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001 National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 3.0 database". Brookhaven National Laboratory. Holden, Norman E. (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". In Lide, David R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry is a common approach. Ultraviolet detection and nuclear magnetic resonance can support identification when suitable standards are available.
The solid is generally kept cold, dry, and protected from light. Solutions are often frozen in single-use aliquots to reduce repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
It indicates a material sold for laboratory study, not for human use. The label does not guarantee pharmaceutical purity, sterility, or regulatory approval.
No. It is an investigational compound without approved therapeutic indications. It is sold for research purposes only in many jurisdictions.