REV-ERB agonist raises a handful of sensible questions. This page answers them in order, starting with the fundamentals and moving to applications.
Reviewed 2026-02-02. Anything still debated is marked as such rather than presented as settled.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. It is not an approved medicine and has no established human therapeutic use. The compound appears in scientific literature as a tool for probing circadian and metabolic regulation. Online sellers often label it as a research chemical, sometimes using the nickname Stenabolic. Its chemical identity is distinct from selective androgen receptor modulators, stimulants, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta agonists. Researchers use it mainly in cell and animal experiments.
At the molecular level, SR9009 binds REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ and alters their repressive activity on target genes. These nuclear receptors help regulate the circadian clock, lipid synthesis, glucose metabolism, and inflammatory pathways. By changing transcription, the compound can shift the timing or magnitude of downstream metabolic processes in model systems. It does not act through androgen receptors or adenosine receptors, which distinguishes it from several substances sold for athletic performance. Whether the same transcriptional changes occur in humans at tolerable exposures remains an open question because controlled human studies are lacking.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as a REV-ERB agonist. REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ are nuclear receptors that help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. The compound was identified in academic screening efforts to find synthetic ligands for these receptors. In cell and animal studies, SR9009 alters transcription of genes involved in lipid and glucose metabolism, and it can shift circadian behavior. It is not an approved therapeutic agent.
Mechanistically, SR9009 binds the ligand-binding domain of REV-ERBα/β and enhances recruitment of corepressor complexes. This represses target genes rather than activating them. Because REV-ERB proteins normally compete with ROR proteins at shared response elements, the net effect depends on tissue and timing. Researchers use SR9009 to probe how nuclear receptor signaling links the clock to metabolism, inflammation, and muscle biology. Findings are largely preclinical, and the precise contribution of each receptor subtype remains under study.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Molecular formula | C20H24ClN3O4S | Derived from published structure. |
| Molecular weight | 437.94 g/mol | Calculated value. |
| Appearance | White to off-white solid | Typical for purified research samples. |
| Solubility | DMSO, ethanol; low in water | Class: poorly water-soluble. |
| Typical storage | -20 °C, desiccated, protected from light | Limits degradation. |
Identity and purity of SR9009 samples are usually checked with chromatographic and spectrometric methods. High-performance liquid chromatography can separate the compound from related impurities, while mass spectrometry provides molecular mass confirmation. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy may be used for structural verification in research settings. No single method proves biological activity, and certificates of analysis should be reviewed alongside raw data. Independent testing is often needed because online products vary widely.
SR9009 stability depends on temperature, moisture, light, and solvent. Solid material is generally kept cool and dry, while solutions may require protection from repeated warming and cooling. Degradation can appear as color changes, precipitate, or new chromatographic peaks. Researchers should follow supplier instructions and their own stability data. Long-term storage conditions for human use have not been established because the compound lacks approved clinical formulation.
Handling recommendations for SR9009 in a laboratory setting include storing the solid at low temperature, protected from light and moisture. The compound is often dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide or ethanol for experiments. Solutions should be prepared with appropriate personal protective equipment and disposed of according to local rules. Stability data for long-term storage are limited, so stock solutions are typically kept cold and used within defined periods. Records of preparation date and concentration support reproducibility.
SR9009 is not approved as a medicine by major regulatory agencies. It is commonly sold as a research chemical, a category that may fall outside customary drug approval and quality rules. In sports, the World Anti-Doping Agency lists SR9009 as a prohibited substance. Athletes who use it can face sanctions if it is detected in a sample. Legal status varies by country, and importation may be restricted. Enforcement practices differ across borders.
Detection of SR9009 in biological samples usually employs liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. This method can identify the parent compound and sometimes metabolites in urine or blood. Because exposure can be low and clearance may be rapid, sample timing and limits of detection matter. Laboratories validate assays for sensitivity and specificity. Results are interpreted alongside chain-of-custody and quality-control records. Urine is the common matrix for anti-doping analysis, while blood may be used in research settings.
=== Abiogenic petroleum === An alternative mechanism to the one described above was proposed by Russian scientists in the mid-1850s, the hypothesis of abiogenic petroleum origin (petroleum formed by inorganic means), but this is contradicted by geological and geochemical evidence. Abiogenic sources of oil have been found but never in commercially profitable amounts. "The controversy isn't over whether abiogenic oil reserves exist," said Larry Nation of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists. "The controversy is over how much they contribute to Earth's overall reserves and how much time and effort geologists should devote to seeking them out."
For services to the community in Rochdale, Lancashire. Richard Douglas Williams. For services to Journalism and to the community in Cornwall. Edith Frances Williams. For services to the community in Bnslington, Bristol. John Michael Williams. For services to the community, particularly the Arts, in Buxton, Derbyshire. Lyndhurst Williams, Constable, Metropolitan Police. For services to the Police and to Industrial Relations. Richard Williams. For Political Service. Roy Williams. For Political Service. Thomas Alan Williams, Senior Scientist, Phosphates Group, Albright and Wilson Ltd. For scientific services to the Chemical Industry. Grace Ellen Wood. For services to Elderly People in Twerton, Bath. Marjorie Wood. For services to the Royal Parks of London. Margaret Jane Wooden, School Crossing Patrol, Lancashire County Council. For services to Road Safety and to the community. Alfred Thomas Woolnough, Driver, Metropolitan Police. For services to the Police. Simon William Wren, lately Higher Executive Officer, Ministry of Defence. Madge Margaret Wright. For services to Mentally Handicapped People. Fred Yallop, Emergency Engineer. For humanitarian services to the former Yugoslavia. Charles Henry Young. For services to the community in South Shields, Tyne and Wear. John Ralph Young, Technical Liaison Manager, Lever Brothers Ltd. For services to the Chemical Industry. John William Young, Brigade Treasurer, lately Chairman, England and Wales Committee, Boys' Brigade. For services to The Boys' Brigade.
== History == Normal pentane was discovered in 1862 by Carl Schorlemmer, who, while analyzing pyrolysis products of the cannel coal mined in Wigan, identified, separated by fractional distillation and studied a series of liquid hydrocarbons inert to nitric and sulfuric acids. The lightest of them, which he called hydride of amyl, had an empirical formula of C5H12, density of 0.636 at 17 °C and boiled between 39 and 40 °C. In the next year he identified the same compound in the Pennsylvanian oil. By 1872 he switched his nomenclature to the modern one, leading to it being called Pentane. Beyond Schorlemmer's initial work, scientists discovered that the molecular formula C5H12 could represent different structural arrangements, leading to the identification of isopentane and neopentane. This discovery contributed significantly to the understanding of isomerism and hydrocarbons in the 19th century. The high volatility and low boiling point of pentane made it useful as a solvent and in fuels. Its use expanded in the 1970s as a blowing agent for foams, replacing CFCs. The petroleum refining industry utilizes pentanes, particularly isopentane, to produce high-octane fuels.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
== Interactions == Meropenem rapidly reduces serum concentrations of valproic acid. As a result, people who use valproic acid for epilepsy are at increased risk of seizures during treatment with meropenem. In situations where the use of meropenem cannot be avoided, prescription of an additional anticonvulsant should be considered.
He and Sophia Simmonds traveled abroad during the 1962–1963 academic year, returning just as the MBB department was being created and the Department of Biochemistry was entering a "crisis" because of the loss of experienced faculty (in particular, Fred Richards, the new head of MBB, and Ernie Pollard, who had left to head a biophysics department at Penn State).
A deuterated drug is a small molecule medicinal product in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms in the drug molecule have been replaced by deuterium. Because of the kinetic isotope effect, deuterium-containing drugs may have significantly lower rates of metabolism, and hence a longer half-life. In 2017, deutetrabenazine became the first deuterated drug to receive FDA approval.
This led to a technological revolution caused by the invention of Orbments, mechanical devices varying greatly in size and scope that run off orbal energy, powering everyday appliances up to mecha and other large machinery. Orbal energy also allowed for the casting of magic-like "arts", which exist in seven elemental forms. Trails also features sociopolitical elements, with subjects such as imperialism, classism, and immigration being a part of the narrative. In contrast with many other role-playing games, nearly every non-playable character in the series has a name, with most having their own character arcs of varying degrees of importance to the main plot. Trails is expected to end with its final entry by 2032.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
== Career and research == Springer then pursued postdoctoral work on antigen-specific T lymphocyte helper factors at the University of Cambridge. Within six months, Springer failed to replicate key experiments and discovered fraudulent work, followed by a retraction. He switched to work under César Milstein at the University of Cambridge and the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, soon after the development of monoclonal antibody technology. Milstein personally taught Springer how to make monoclonal antibodies, and with his first set of hybridomas in hand, Springer returned to the United States after another six months. Before his postdoc, Springer was offered a position as Assistant Professor at Harvard Medical School by Baruj Benacerraf, the Chair of Pathology, and joined that department in 1977. He was recruited to the Dana–Farber Cancer Institute in 1981 after Benacerraf became its President, as Chief of the Laboratory of Membrane Immunochemistry, and was promoted to Associate Professor in 1983. In 1988, Springer was recruited by Fred Rosen to move his lab to and become Vice President of the Center for Blood Research. He was involved in planning its new space in the Warren Alpert Building and recruiting faculty. These included Ulrich von Andrian, Jose Carlos Gutierrez-Ramos, Rick van Etten, Anjana Rao, Denisa Wagner, and Judy Lieberman. Later, he led searches that recruited Sun Hur, Wesley Wong, and Hao Wu. Four of these recruits were subsequently elected to the National Academy of Sciences. Springer became the Latham Family Professor in 1989.
Duke Nukem Forever had been a project with a troubled development history at 3D Realms, who had created the Duke Nukem series, since sometime prior to 2000. Due to financial difficulties in 2009, 3D Realms was forced to downsize and ultimately lay off most of the development staff. Take-Two Interactive sued 3D Realms for failing to deliver Duke Nukem Forever. Pitchford, who had prior industry relations with many 3D Realms staff including George Broussard, learned that many of the 3D Realms team were still eager to develop Duke Nukem Forever, working out of their homes on what they could. Pitchford negotiated with Take-Two to bring many of the former 3D Realms staff into a new studio called Triptych Games, housed at Gearbox's headquarters, to continue working on Duke Nukem Forever following 3D Realms' closure in 2009. As a result, 3D Realms sold the rights to Duke Nukem and the existing work on Duke Nukem Forever to Gearbox around February 2010. Take-Two and Gearbox subsequently announced in September 2010 that Gearbox would finish production of Duke Nukem Forever. Duke Nukem Forever was released in June 2011, and received negative critical reception on release, with most of the criticism directed towards the unfinished, rushed state of the game. Despite the criticism, the game topped the charts on release and made a profit. 3D Realms had initially sued Gearbox in June 2013 for unpaid royalties over Duke Nukem Forever, but dropped the suit by September 2013, with 3D Realms' founder Scott Miller stating that it was a misunderstanding on its part.
(CH2CH2)O + H2S → HO–CH2CH2–HS 2 (CH2CH2)O + H2S → (HO–CH2CH2)2S (CH2CH2)O + RHS → HO–CH2CH2–SR The excess of ethylene oxide with an aqueous solution of hydrogen sulfide leads to the tris-(hydroxyethyl) sulfonyl hydroxide:
=== Privatisation === In 1994, the Commonwealth facility was privatised by the Keating government as CSL Ltd. and was publicly listed and traded on the Australian Securities Exchange. The company completed an initial public offering in June 1994 at A$2.30 per share (76.7c adjusted for split). CSL stock is part of the S&P/ASX 20 Index.
In October 1912, when the 6th Chugoku Six Prefectures United Livestock Breeders' Show was held in Himeji City, Hyōgo Prefecture, two crossbred bulls won first prize as "Improved Japanese Breed" (改良和種, kairyō washu) and the term "Improved Japanese Breed" came into use thereafter. Thereafter, organized breeding efforts to increase the number of superior Wagyu cattle began. According to a survey conducted in 1914, there were 61 different breeds of Wagyu in Japan at that time, including Tajima cattle, Iwaizumi cattle, Mishima cattle, Aso cattle, and others. However, these were not actual breeds, but only names of regional classifications. In the case of Hyōgo Prefecture, the leading producer of Wagyu cattle (Kobe cattle and Tajima cattle) at that time, the number of stud bulls owned by breed as of 1914 was as follows.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
SR9009 is a synthetic REV-ERB agonist used in laboratory research. It is not an approved drug, and its effects in humans are not well characterized. It is often sold as a research chemical under the name Stenabolic.
No. SR9009 targets the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ, not the androgen receptor. This mechanism differs from selective androgen receptor modulators and from exercise mimetics that act on PPARδ.
Published evidence is mainly preclinical, using cell cultures and animal models. Controlled human trials are not well documented in the public literature. Claims about human performance or health effects therefore remain unsupported by robust clinical data.
SR9009 is a synthetic compound investigated as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. It is used in preclinical research on circadian rhythm and metabolism. It is not an approved drug.