reference standard comes up often in conversation and rarely with the context attached. Here we lay out the basics in order, then work through the practical considerations.
Updated 2026-05-11. Numbers and descriptions here follow the published literature rather than marketing material.
Identity and purity testing for SR9009 commonly uses liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. This method separates the compound from matrix components and detects it by mass-to-charge transitions, providing sensitive and specific confirmation. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy can support structural identification, while high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection may estimate purity. Because online products labeled as SR9009 may contain other substances or no active compound at all, independent verification is important in research settings. Certificates of analysis are useful but not a substitute for in-house testing.
Laboratory samples of SR9009 are typically supplied as a white to off-white powder. The compound dissolves readily in organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide and ethanol, while its solubility in water is low. Because of this solubility profile, researchers often prepare concentrated stock solutions in an organic solvent before diluting them into aqueous assay buffers. Light exposure, moisture, and repeated freeze-thaw cycles can degrade many small molecules, so handling procedures usually aim to minimize these factors. Purity is commonly checked before use.
Pharmacokinetic data for SR9009 are limited in published literature. Some reports indicate low oral bioavailability and rapid clearance in animals, which complicates interpretation of exposure and effect. Researchers often use injected routes in preclinical work to achieve measurable systemic levels. Analytical studies rely on mass spectrometry to detect the parent compound and its metabolites. Questions about tissue distribution, active metabolites, and long-term consequences remain open. Species differences in metabolism can affect observed half-life and target engagement.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. In laboratory experiments, SR9009 binds these receptors and alters transcription of genes involved in lipid handling, glucose metabolism, and mitochondrial function. It is not a naturally occurring compound and has no approved therapeutic use. Research interest stems from its ability to modify energy metabolism in cells and animal models.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Appearance | White to off-white powder | Typical for research-grade material |
| Solubility | Soluble in DMSO and ethanol; low aqueous solubility | Organic stock solutions are common |
| Typical storage temperature | -20 °C or lower | Protect from light and moisture |
| Common analytical method | LC-MS/MS | Used for detection and confirmation |
| Common synonyms | SR9009; Stenabolic | Stenabolic is an informal name |
SR9009 stability depends on temperature, moisture, light, and solvent. Solid material is generally kept cool and dry, while solutions may require protection from repeated warming and cooling. Degradation can appear as color changes, precipitate, or new chromatographic peaks. Researchers should follow supplier instructions and their own stability data. Long-term storage conditions for human use have not been established because the compound lacks approved clinical formulation.
SR9009 is supplied as a solid research chemical, often in milligram quantities. Laboratories typically weigh it in a controlled environment because fine powders can disperse. Stock solutions are commonly prepared in dimethyl sulfoxide and stored in small aliquots to reduce freeze-thaw cycles. Personal protective equipment and chemical fume hoods are standard when handling unknown or potent compounds. These practices address laboratory safety rather than human use.
Identity and purity of SR9009 samples are usually checked with chromatographic and spectrometric methods. High-performance liquid chromatography can separate the compound from related impurities, while mass spectrometry provides molecular mass confirmation. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy may be used for structural verification in research settings. No single method proves biological activity, and certificates of analysis should be reviewed alongside raw data. Independent testing is often needed because online products vary widely.
Detection in biological samples can be complicated by rapid metabolism and low circulating concentrations. Some studies report phase I and phase II metabolites, and analytical methods may need to target those species in addition to the parent compound. Immunoassays are not broadly available, so mass spectrometry remains the main confirmatory approach. For anti-doping testing, laboratories look for SR9009 and its metabolites using validated LC-MS methods. Open questions include how long metabolites remain detectable and how different routes of administration alter detection windows.
In laboratory settings, SR9009 is typically characterized by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) or high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV). These methods can confirm identity and estimate purity, but they require reference standards for accurate quantification. Because SR9009 is not a licensed pharmaceutical, no harmonized pharmacopeial monograph exists. Laboratories often validate in-house methods for matrices such as plasma, urine, or cell culture media. Sample preparation may involve protein precipitation or liquid-liquid extraction before analysis.
Physicochemical behavior influences handling. SR9009 is described as a solid with limited aqueous solubility, so organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide or ethanol are common in research stock solutions. Aqueous dilution can produce precipitates if the organic content is too low. Light, heat, and repeated freeze-thaw cycles may affect stability. Storage recommendations usually specify a desiccated freezer environment protected from light, but exact stability data depend on the formulation and matrix.
REV-ERB proteins help regulate daily cycles in gene expression, including genes tied to lipid and glucose metabolism. SR9009 binds these receptors and alters their activity in cell and animal experiments. Consequences observed in rodents include changes in skeletal muscle oxidative capacity, blood lipid levels, and exercise performance. The precise chain from receptor occupancy to whole-body effects is still an active area of study. Human responses cannot be assumed from rodent data.
Most published work on SR9009 consists of preclinical studies. It is widely sold as a research chemical, a category that does not imply safety, efficacy, or pharmaceutical-grade quality. Sports anti-doping organizations have listed SR9009 as a prohibited substance, and its presence in an athlete sample can lead to sanctions. Legal status differs by country; in several jurisdictions it is not approved for human consumption and may be treated as an unapproved new drug.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. It is not a steroid, peptide, or natural hormone. In scientific literature, it appears under the code SR9009 and in non-scientific contexts as Stenabolic. The compound was identified through chemical screening efforts aimed at targeting circadian clock components. Its status remains investigational, and no regulatory agency has approved it as a human medicine.
SR9009 is often grouped with compounds studied for circadian and metabolic regulation rather than with classical anabolic steroids. Its interactions with nuclear receptors differ from those of androgen receptor ligands, and its proposed mechanisms involve transcriptional control rather than direct hormone signaling. Some sources classify it as a metabolic modulator because of observed effects on energy utilization. The distinction matters for regulation and for interpreting research results across different compound classes.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule developed as a REV-ERB agonist. It binds to REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ, nuclear receptors that help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. In cell and animal studies, the compound alters lipid and glucose handling and influences skeletal muscle oxidative capacity. Its exact effects in humans remain largely uncharacterized because controlled clinical trials have not been reported. The molecule is frequently described in preclinical literature as a metabolic modulator.
The norepinephrine transporter, or more precisely sodium-dependent norepinephrine transporter (NET), also known as noradrenaline transporter, or more precisely sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter (NAT), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the solute carrier family 6 member 2 (SLC6A2) gene. NET is a monoamine transporter and is responsible for the sodium-chloride (Na+/Cl−)-dependent reuptake of extracellular norepinephrine (NE), which is also known as noradrenaline. NET can also reuptake extracellular dopamine (DA). The reuptake of these two neurotransmitters is essential in regulating concentrations in the synaptic cleft. NETs, along with the other monoamine transporters, are the targets of many antidepressants and recreational drugs. In addition, altered NET availability is associated with ADHD. There is evidence that single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the NET gene (SLC6A2) may be an underlying factor in some of these disorders.
=== North American supply === As the war intensified with German air raids on the UK, Florey and Ethel decided to send their children away to a safer country in July 1940. The United States was not yet at war, and John Fulton, the Sterling Professor of Physiology at Yale University, and his wife Lucia agreed to care for them at their home in New Haven, Connecticut, "for the duration". In April 1941, the Rockefeller Foundation's Warren Weaver met with Florey, and they discussed the difficulty of producing sufficient penicillin to conduct clinical trials. Weaver arranged for the foundation to fund a three-month visit to the United States for Florey and a colleague so they could explore the possibility of the production of penicillin there. Since his aim was to persuade a firm to manufacture penicillin, and Heatley knew the most about penicillin production, Florey chose to take Heatley with him, and did not tell Chain until the morning of their departure. Chain, who saw penicillin as a joint project between himself and Florey, with Heatley as a laboratory technician, was greatly offended. Chain later wrote: "I left the room silently but shattered by the experience of this underhand trick and act of bad faith, the worst so far in my experience of Florey. It spoiled my initially good relations with this man for ever." Florey and Heatley left by air from Lisbon for the United States on 27 June 1941. In New Haven Florey met Fulton and was reunited with his children.
=== Neptunium-239 === Neptunium-239 has 146 neutrons and a half-life of 2.356 days. It is produced via β− decay of the short-lived uranium-239, and undergoes another β− decay to plutonium-239. This is the primary route for making plutonium, as 239U can be made by neutron capture in uranium-238. Uranium-237 and neptunium-239 are regarded as the leading hazardous radioisotopes in the first hour-to-week period following nuclear fallout from a nuclear detonation, with 239Np dominating "the spectrum for several days".
After oral administration, zopiclone is rapidly absorbed, with a bioavailability around 75–80%. Time to peak plasma concentration is 1–2 hours. A high-fat meal preceding zopiclone administration does not change absorption (as measured by AUC), but reduces peak plasma levels and delays its occurrence, thus may delay the onset of therapeutic effects. The plasma protein-binding of zopiclone has been reported to be weak, between 45 and 80% (mean 52–59%). It is rapidly and widely distributed to body tissues, including the brain, and is excreted in urine, saliva, and breast milk. Zopiclone is partly extensively metabolized in the liver to form an active N-demethylated derivative (N-desmethylzopiclone) and an inactive zopiclone-N-oxide. Hepatic enzymes playing the most significant role in zopiclone metabolism are CYP3A4 and CYP2E1. In addition, about 50% of the administered dose is decarboxylated and excreted via the lungs. In urine, the N-demethyl and N-oxide metabolites account for 30% of the initial dose. Between 7 and 10% of zopiclone is recovered from the urine, indicating extensive metabolism of the drug before excretion. The terminal elimination half-life of zopiclone ranges from 3.5 to 6.5 hours (5 hours on average). The pharmacokinetics of zopiclone in humans are stereoselective.
A specialty of Malang, the rough-textured tempeh menjes kacang is made from black soybeans mixed with other ingredients, such as peanut dregs, cassava fiber, and soybean meal. The process of making menjes kacang is quite similar to black oncom.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
== Experiments on seismic metamaterials == In 2012, researchers held an experimental field-test near Grenoble, France, with the aim to highlight analogy with phononic crystals. At the geophysics scale, in a forest in the Landes region of France in 2016, an ambitious seismic experiment called the METAFORET experiment demonstrated that trees could significantly modify the surface wavefield due to their coupled resonances when arranged at a subwavelength scale. Actual use of trees for earthquake protection is not feasible, since tree heights of 260–300 feet (79–91 m) are required to dampen waves produced by earthquakes, and the species of trees, such as redwoods, that are capable of reaching this height range when mature are slow-growing. A follow-up field experiment called the META-WT experiment was performed in the Nauen wind farm. This for the first time demonstrated that, at the city scale, collective resonance of wind-turbine structures can modify seismic waves propagating through it. These new observations have implications for seismic hazard in a city where dense urban structures like tall buildings can strongly modify the wavefield.
Interaction with cell membrane receptors (extrinsic pathway) Interaction with mitochondria (intrinsic pathway) The first of these pathways involves the binding of a ligand to a receptor located on the surface of the cell membrane. The interaction of these two entities leads to the activation of various genes and releases a cascade of proteins characteristic of the apoptosis process. Arsenic trioxide also interacts with mitochondria. One of the initial changes in their structure induced by the drug is the opening of megachannels and the release of so-called "death proteins", primarily cytochrome c, APAF-1 (apoptotic peptidase activating factor 1), AIF (apoptosis-inducing factor), Smac/DIABLO protein, and endonucleases from the intermembrane space of mitochondria into the cytosol. In the cytoplasm, a protein complex known as the apoptosome forms, which activates further processes leading to apoptosis. Regardless of whether apoptosis is induced externally or internally, it always involves caspases, whose activation irreversibly leads the cell down the path of programmed cell death. Additionally, apoptosis is regulated by proteins from the Bcl-2 family, which can act as either pro-apoptotic or anti-apoptotic factors. The cause of acute promyelocytic leukemia is the translocation of the gene encoding the retinoic acid receptor (RARα) from chromosome 17 to a location near the PML gene on chromosome 15. This leads to the fusion of genes and the production of the PML/RARα protein. This protein inhibits differentiation and the death of the cells in which it is present.
Amino acids: glutamate, aspartate, D-serine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glycine Gasotransmitters: nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen sulfide (H2S) Monoamines: Catecholamines: dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (noradrenaline, NE), epinephrine (adrenaline) Indolamines: serotonin (5-HT, SER), melatonin histamine Trace amines: phenethylamine, N-methylphenethylamine, tyramine, 3-iodothyronamine, octopamine, tryptamine, etc. Peptides: oxytocin, somatostatin, substance P, cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript, opioid peptides Purines: adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine Others: acetylcholine (ACh), anandamide, etc. In addition, over 100 neuroactive peptides have been found, and new ones are discovered regularly. Many of these are co-released along with a small-molecule transmitter. Nevertheless, in some cases, a peptide is the primary transmitter at a synapse. Beta-endorphin is a relatively well-known example of a peptide neurotransmitter because it engages in highly specific interactions with opioid receptors in the central nervous system. Single ions (such as synaptically released zinc) are also considered neurotransmitters by some, as well as some gaseous molecules such as nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). The gases are produced in the neural cytoplasm and are immediately diffused through the cell membrane into the extracellular fluid and into nearby cells to stimulate production of second messengers.
== Effect == This receptor has an inhibitory function on most of the tissues in which it rests. In the brain, it slows metabolic activity by a combination of actions. At the neuron's synapse, it reduces synaptic vesicle release.
The Grainyhead-like (Grhl) gene family is a group of highly conserved transcription factors, which work to regulate the expression of specific target genes. Grainyhead (Grh) was originally identified in Drosophila as being implicated within development through its role of regulating numerous genetic pathways. While Drosophila has only one Grh gene, there are three homologues currently known across other species (Grhl1-3). It appears that all members of the Grhl gene family are involved in epidermal barrier integrity, including its formation and repair, and are tightly regulated to prevent physical defects. The Grhl family of genes are found in a range of organisms, from humans to fish and fungi, and all have similar roles to each other in regards to the developmental processes that they have a role in regulating. This could indicate that the Grhl genes could be one of the earliest genes to arise within our genome, providing vital functions for survival of an early common ancestor.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Recent advancements on the nanoscale such as devices that fabricate both spherical and non-spherical droplets that are ultrafast and homogeneous mixed are being produced for large scale production of powdered particles in industrial applications. Monodispersed nanoparticles are also of great interest in catalyst fabrication. Many heterogeneous catalytic systems efficiencies rely on high surface areas of transition metal particles. Microfluidic techniques have been used to fabricate gold nanoparticles through the interfacial interaction of droplets containing gold chloride, hexane, and a reducing agent with a surrounding aqueous phase. This process can also control both the size and shape of nanoparticles/nanosheets with precision and high throughput compared to other methods such as physical vapor deposition. The use of droplets containing various materials such as silica or transition metals such as gold flowed through an immiscible oil phase has been shown to be effective in controlling both size of nanoparticles as well as pore size, which allows for design of efficient absorptive gas capture devices and heterogeneous catalysts. Monodispersed nanoparticles of gold and silver have been synthesized using gold and silver chloride droplets dosed with a reducing agent to cleave metal-ligand bonds, leading to the agglomeration of monodispersed metal nanoparticles which can be easily filtered out of solution.
Ethanol has been found to enhance GABAA receptor-mediated currents in functional assays. Ethanol has long shown a similarity in its effects to positive allosteric modulators of the GABAA receptor like benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and various general anesthetics. Some of these effects include anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative, and hypnotic effects, cognitive impairment, and motor incoordination. In accordance, it was theorized and widely believed that the primary mechanism of action of ethanol is GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulation. However, other ion channels are involved in its effects as well. Although ethanol exhibits positive allosteric binding properties to GABAA receptors, its effects are limited to pentamers containing the δ-subunit rather than the γ-subunit. Ethanol potentiates extrasynaptic δ subunit-containing GABAA receptors at behaviorally relevant (as low as 3 mM) concentrations, but γ subunit receptors are enhanced only at far higher concentrations (> 100 mM) that are in excess of recreational concentrations (up to 50 mM). GABAA receptors containing the δ-subunit have been shown to be located exterior to the synapse and are involved with tonic inhibition rather than its γ-subunit counterpart, which is involved in phasic inhibition. The δ-subunit has been shown to be able to form the allosteric binding site which makes GABAA receptors containing the δ-subunit more sensitive to ethanol concentrations, even to moderate social ethanol consumption levels (30mM). While it has been shown by Santhakumar et al.
=== 15 January === At least 120 people were killed in an RSF attack on a civilian convoy being escorted by the Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM) and the Gathering of Sudan Liberation Forces (GSLF) near Kabkabiya, North Darfur. Nine people were killed in attacks by the SAF and the RSF on members of the Kanabi community, who mostly originate from Darfur, in Abu Gouta, Gezira State. Fifteen people were killed in an RSF attack on the village of Al-Khizan in Abu Gouta. The Sultan Ali Dinar Palace Museum in El Fasher was shelled by the RSF, causing a fire that heavily damaged the structure and destroyed its contents and furniture.
This was famously experienced by mountaineer Beck Weathers (who had undergone RK) during the 1996 Mount Everest disaster. Diurnal fluctuation: in a majority of patients who have undergone RK the cornea will steepen throughout the day. This can lead to variation in visual quality throughout the day.
Smashburger IP Holder LLC, doing business as Smashburger (stylized SmashBURGER), is an American multinational fast-casual hamburger restaurant chain founded in Denver, Colorado. As of 2022, it has more than 227 corporate and franchise-owned restaurants in 35 U.S. states, the District of Columbia and 2 Canadian provinces. Founded in 2007 by Rick Schaden and Tom Ryan, the chain serves "smashed" burgers using a specialized process of cooking them on a flattop grill at a high heat. This technique originated in the Great Lakes region at pressed-chuck burger restaurants, and has been a staple there for decades. The method sears the burger for flavor. These are then topped with additional ingredients and can be customized. At one time, the chain offered unique burgers in each city where its restaurants were located. The menu also includes chicken, turkey and portobello sandwiches as well as french fries, sweet potato fries, fried pickles and other items. Some locations offer the Udi's gluten-free bun. The restaurant saw rapid growth after its first location opened in 2007 and it added several hundred locations within a few years, although a larger slowdown of the "better burger" industry saw it slow its size and expansion plans. Company leaders initially considered an IPO, but Philippine-based quick-service operator Jollibee Group bought a 40 percent stake in the company in 2015, at which time it was valued at $335 million. As of December 2018, Jollibee owns 100% of Smashburger.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Research-grade SR9009 is typically stored frozen at about minus twenty degrees Celsius, protected from light and moisture. Stock solutions are often kept in aliquots to avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. Specific storage conditions should follow the supplier's documentation.
Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry is widely used to detect and confirm SR9009 in laboratory samples. The technique offers high sensitivity and can distinguish the target compound from related substances. Nuclear magnetic resonance and ultraviolet detection may support identity and purity checks.
Online products labeled as SR9009 may vary in identity, purity, and actual content. Independent testing helps confirm that a sample matches its label and does not contain unexpected contaminants. This is important for reproducible research and for interpreting experimental results.
It is a synthetic research compound that activates REV-ERB nuclear receptors. It is not an approved drug or dietary supplement. Most information comes from cell and animal studies.