If you have been reading about REV-ERB agonist and want a single page that covers the useful parts, this is it: definitions, context, how it is studied, and the questions that come up repeatedly.
Last reviewed on 2025-09-16. Where a claim depends on a specific study, the study is described rather than over-claimed.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms, lipid metabolism, and inflammatory gene expression. In cell and animal experiments, SR9009 alters transcription of clock-controlled genes and metabolic pathways. The compound is not a hormone and does not resemble classical steroid structures. Its activity depends on binding to the ligand-binding domain of REV-ERB, where it can modify corepressor recruitment.
Research interest in SR9009 grew from studies of circadian biology and metabolic disease. Preclinical reports describe effects on exercise capacity, muscle metabolism, and blood lipid levels in rodents, but these findings come from controlled laboratory settings. The compound has low oral bioavailability in animals, which limits systemic exposure after swallowing. Investigators often use injected routes in experiments to achieve measurable plasma concentrations. Human clinical data are sparse, no approved therapeutic product exists, and whether animal effects translate to humans remains an open question.
Physicochemical behavior influences handling. SR9009 is described as a solid with limited aqueous solubility, so organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide or ethanol are common in research stock solutions. Aqueous dilution can produce precipitates if the organic content is too low. Light, heat, and repeated freeze-thaw cycles may affect stability. Storage recommendations usually specify a desiccated freezer environment protected from light, but exact stability data depend on the formulation and matrix.
Detection in biological samples can be complicated by rapid metabolism and low circulating concentrations. Some studies report phase I and phase II metabolites, and analytical methods may need to target those species in addition to the parent compound. Immunoassays are not broadly available, so mass spectrometry remains the main confirmatory approach. For anti-doping testing, laboratories look for SR9009 and its metabolites using validated LC-MS methods. Open questions include how long metabolites remain detectable and how different routes of administration alter detection windows.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Chemical class | Synthetic REV-ERB agonist | Binds REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ in preclinical models |
| Molecular formula | C20H24ClN3O4S | Reported for the parent compound |
| CAS Registry Number | 1379686-30-2 | Common identifier in chemical databases |
| Appearance | Off-white to pale yellow solid | Typical research chemical solid |
| Solubility | Soluble in DMSO and ethanol; low in water | Class: small organic molecule |
The mechanism of action involves binding to REV-ERB receptors and recruiting corepressor complexes, which represses target gene transcription. This contrasts with many nuclear receptor agonists that activate transcription. Downstream effects may include changes in autophagy, mitochondrial biogenesis, and lipid handling, but the precise pathways remain an active area of study. Whether these molecular events translate into meaningful physiological effects in humans is unresolved. Most evidence comes from cultured cells and rodent models rather than human participants.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule developed as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα (NR1D1) and REV-ERBβ (NR1D2). These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. In cell and animal studies, SR9009 alters transcription of genes involved in lipid metabolism, inflammation, and mitochondrial function. It is not an approved medicine, and its pharmacological profile in humans remains largely uncharacterized. The compound is frequently discussed in the context of circadian biology and metabolic research rather than clinical use.
Preclinical reports have linked SR9009 to improved endurance and altered energy expenditure in rodents. Such findings have prompted interest in whether REV-ERB activation can influence skeletal muscle metabolism. However, the reported effects depend on dose, route, and experimental model, and replication across laboratories is limited. Human trials have not established comparable outcomes, so claims about exercise performance remain speculative. The absence of controlled human data is a central limitation in interpreting these observations.
SR9009 binds REV-ERB receptors and alters their repressive activity on target genes. This action can change transcription of genes involved in lipid handling, glucose metabolism, and mitochondrial function. In rodent studies, treated animals have shown changes in muscle oxidative capacity and exercise performance, though effects vary by dose, duration, and model. The precise molecular steps connecting receptor binding to whole-body outcomes are still an active area of investigation. Findings in animals do not automatically translate to humans.
Because REV-ERB receptors are core clock components, SR9009 has been examined for effects on daily rhythms as well as metabolism. Research has explored whether the compound can shift or reinforce circadian gene expression in tissues such as liver and muscle. Some studies report improved metabolic markers in obese or diabetic mice, while others show context-dependent responses. Questions remain about which effects are direct, which are secondary to timing, and how they might differ across species.
As of March 2015, Haryana has 11 Centres of Excellent in Horticulture, 3 under construction, 3 newly announced, including the following. This leaves only Punchkula, Panipat, Faridabad, Rewari, Dadri, Jind, and Kaithal districts without any Horticulture CoE or State-level Horticulture Markets.
==== Invasion of Iraq ==== Planning for the Operation Iraqi Freedom began in December 2001; in 2002 several teams of 10th SFG and CIA SAD operatives were infiltrated into Iraqi Kurdistan in advance of hostilities. They were based in the Harir valley outside Irbil and tasked to develop ground truth intelligence while organising and training the Peshmerga; they were also there to monitor Ansar al-Islam and plan for a future operation against them. For the 2003 invasion of Iraq, CJSOTF-West (Combined Joint Special Operations Task Force-West/Task Force Dagger) was formed around the 5th SFG, their ODAs were tasked with two core missions: the first – to counter the SCUD TELs and by denying the Iraqi military the use of potential launch sites and the second – provide both intelligence-gathering and screening function in support of conventional forces to build up an accurate picture of Iraqi force dispositions in western Iraq. The Green Beret ODAs were deployed under the command and control of ODBs (Operational Detachment Bravo) which operated as roving AOBs (Advanced Operating Bases), these AOBs provided a mobile resupply function using their modified M1078 Light Medium Transport Vehicles which meant that the ODA patrols could operate for extended periods in enemy territory before linking up with a fighting patrol that would be escorting the AOBs for combat resupply.
48B Latin America 48C Europe (no longer used—these officers are now designated 48E) 48D South Asia (no longer used—these officers are now designated 48P) 48E Eurasia 48F China (no longer used—these officers are now designated 48P) 48G Mideast/North Africa 48H Northeast Asia (no longer used—these officers are now designated 48P) 48I Southeast Asia (no longer used—these officers are now designated 48P) 48J Africa, South of the Sahara 48X Foreign Area Officer
=== Targeting the tricarboxylic acid cycle and glutaminolysis === The tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) and glutaminolysis can also be targeted for cancer treatment, since they are essential for the survival and proliferation of cancer cells. Ivosidenib and enasidenib, two FDA-approved cancer treatments, can arrest the TCA cycle of cancer cells by inhibiting isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 (IDH1) and isocitrate dehydrogenase-2 (IDH2), respectively. Ivosidenib is specific to acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and cholangiocarcinoma, whereas enasidenib is specific to just acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In a clinical trial consisting of 185 adult patients with cholangiocarcinoma and an IDH-1 mutation, there was a statistically significant improvement (p<0.0001; HR: 0.37) in patients randomized to ivosidenib. Still, some of the adverse side effects in these patients included fatigue, nausea, diarrhea, decreased appetite, ascites, and anemia. In a clinical trial consisting of 199 adult patients with AML and an IDH2 mutation, 23% of patients experienced complete response (CR) or complete response with partial hematologic recovery (CRh) lasting a median of 8.2 months while on enasidenib. Of the 157 patients who required transfusion at the beginning of the trial, 34% no longer required transfusions during the 56-day time period on enasidenib. Of the 42% of patients who did not require transfusions at the beginning of the trial, 76% still did not require a transfusion by the end of the trial.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
== Research == Chitin is deacetylated chemically or enzymatically to produce chitosan, a highly biocompatible polymer which has found a wide range of applications in the biomedical industry. Chitin and chitosan have been explored as a vaccine adjuvant due to its ability to stimulate an immune response. Chitin and chitosan are under development as scaffolds in studies of how tissue grows and how wounds heal, and in efforts to invent better bandages, surgical thread, and materials for allotransplantation. Sutures made of chitin have been experimentally developed, but their lack of elasticity and problems making thread have prevented commercial success so far. Chitosan has been demonstrated and proposed to make a reproducible form of biodegradable plastic. Chitin nanofibers are extracted from crustacean waste and mushrooms for possible development of products in tissue engineering, drug delivery and medicine.
=== Wa === John E. Walker FRS (b. 1941). British biochemist at Cambridge University, known for studies of ATPases and ATP synthase. Nobel Prize for Chemistry (1997). Foreign associate Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. Michael Wakelam (1955–2020). British molecular biologist at Babraham Institute, Cambridge Selman Waksman (1888–1973). Ukrainian-American biochemist at Rutgers University, known for discovering streptomycin and other antibiotics. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1952). Christopher T. Walsh (1944–2023). American biochemist at Harvard, known for work on enzymes and enzyme inhibition, and especially for his book Enzymatic Reaction Mechanisms. Member Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. James C. Wang, (b. 1938). Chinese-American biochemist at Harvard, known for the discovery of topoisomerases. Member Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Xiaodong Wang, (b. 1963), Chinese-American biochemist at the National Institute of Biological Sciences, Peking, known for his work with cytochrome c. Member Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. Otto Heinrich Warburg FRS (foreign member) (1883–1970). German biochemist at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Cell Physiology (Berlin), who pioneered the study of respiration. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1931). Arieh Warshel (b. 1940). Israeli-American biochemist and biophysicist at the University of Southern California, a pioneer in computational studies on functional properties of biological molecules. Nobel Prize in Chemistry (2013). Member Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. Foreign member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. James D. Watson FRS (foreign member) (1928–2025).
== History == There were two clinical trials that evaluated the benefits and side effects of bempedoic acid. The trial designs were similar. All enrolled subjects were on a lipid-lowering diet and taking the highest dose of a statin (drug commonly used to lower cholesterol) for high cholesterol. In both trials, subjects were randomly assigned to receive bempedoic acid or placebo tablets every day for 52-weeks. Neither the subjects nor the health care providers knew which treatment was being given. The trials measured percent change in LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) blood levels from baseline to week twelve and compared bempedoic acid to placebo. In one clinical trial, bempedoic acid reduced LDL-C by about 20 mg/dl compared to placebo and had a similar frequency of side effects to placebo, although a higher percentage of drug-receiving subjects dropped out of the study because of side effects (11% vs. 7% under placebo). In one randomized controlled trial, patients who could not tolerate therapy with statins had a reduced risk of major adverse cardiovascular events after being treated with bempedoic acid. In January 2020, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use in the European Union recommended granting of a marketing authorization for bempedoic acid as both a standalone drug (brand name Nilemdo) and as a fixed-dose combination medication with ezetimibe (brand name Nustendi). Bempedoic acid was approved for use in the European Union in April 2020, and the combination bempedoic acid/ezetimibe was approved in March 2020.
== Career == Helmut Schwarz first learned to be a chemical technician and then went on to study chemistry at the TU Berlin. He completed his studies in 1971 and obtained his PhD in 1972 and his Habilitation in 1974 under Ferdinand Bohlmann. He pursued post-doctoral work at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and in the UK, after which he became a professor at the TU Berlin in 1978. Schwarz studies chemical reactions, specifically gas phase chemistry of ionic and radical organic species. He is furthermore working on advancing the analytical capabilities of mass spectrometry. He was president of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation from 2008 to 2018. From 2010 to 2015 he was president of the German Academy of Researchers Leopoldina and he is a member of acatech.
Aside from the 22 proteinogenic amino acids, many non-proteinogenic amino acids are known. These either are not found in proteins (for example carnitine, GABA, ornithine) or are not produced directly and in isolation by standard cellular machinery. For example, hydroxyproline is synthesized from proline, and selenomethionine is produced by metabolic modification of methionine. Non-proteinogenic amino acids that are found in proteins are formed by post-translational modification. Such modifications can also determine the localization of the protein, e.g., the addition of long hydrophobic groups can cause a protein to bind to a phospholipid membrane. Examples:
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the REV-ERB nuclear receptors. It is not an approved medicine, and its effects in humans are not well characterized.
No. It is a synthetic ligand that binds nuclear receptors, not a steroid or peptide hormone. Its activity depends on receptor binding rather than endocrine secretion.
Clinical evidence is limited. Most published data come from cell and animal experiments. Human safety and efficacy remain uncertain.
It is usually detected by LC-MS or HPLC-UV against a reference standard. In biological matrices, metabolite targeting can improve detection. No universal immunoassay is widely available.