The short version of REV-ERB agonist fits in a sentence. The long version — which is the one that helps — is below.
This page was last updated on 2025-09-21 and is reviewed periodically as new material appears.
SR9009 is not approved as a medicine by major regulatory agencies. It is commonly sold as a research chemical, a category that may fall outside customary drug approval and quality rules. In sports, the World Anti-Doping Agency lists SR9009 as a prohibited substance. Athletes who use it can face sanctions if it is detected in a sample. Legal status varies by country, and importation may be restricted. Enforcement practices differ across borders.
Detection of SR9009 in biological samples usually employs liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. This method can identify the parent compound and sometimes metabolites in urine or blood. Because exposure can be low and clearance may be rapid, sample timing and limits of detection matter. Laboratories validate assays for sensitivity and specificity. Results are interpreted alongside chain-of-custody and quality-control records. Urine is the common matrix for anti-doping analysis, while blood may be used in research settings.
Handling recommendations for SR9009 in a laboratory setting include storing the solid at low temperature, protected from light and moisture. The compound is often dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide or ethanol for experiments. Solutions should be prepared with appropriate personal protective equipment and disposed of according to local rules. Stability data for long-term storage are limited, so stock solutions are typically kept cold and used within defined periods. Records of preparation date and concentration support reproducibility.
SR9009 is supplied as a solid research chemical, often in milligram quantities. Laboratories typically weigh it in a controlled environment because fine powders can disperse. Stock solutions are commonly prepared in dimethyl sulfoxide and stored in small aliquots to reduce freeze-thaw cycles. Personal protective equipment and chemical fume hoods are standard when handling unknown or potent compounds. These practices address laboratory safety rather than human use.
Identity and purity of SR9009 samples are usually checked with chromatographic and spectrometric methods. High-performance liquid chromatography can separate the compound from related impurities, while mass spectrometry provides molecular mass confirmation. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy may be used for structural verification in research settings. No single method proves biological activity, and certificates of analysis should be reviewed alongside raw data. Independent testing is often needed because online products vary widely.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Regulatory status | Not approved as a medicine in major jurisdictions | Sold as a research chemical; legal status varies |
| Anti-doping status | Prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency | Listed under non-approved substances or related category |
| Typical analytical method | LC-MS/MS | Used for detection and confirmation in biological samples |
| Storage temperature | −20 °C or lower for solid | Desiccated and protected from light |
| Common solution solvents | DMSO; ethanol | Aqueous solubility is limited |
Mechanistically, SR9009 binds the ligand-binding domain of REV-ERBα/β and enhances recruitment of corepressor complexes. This represses target genes rather than activating them. Because REV-ERB proteins normally compete with ROR proteins at shared response elements, the net effect depends on tissue and timing. Researchers use SR9009 to probe how nuclear receptor signaling links the clock to metabolism, inflammation, and muscle biology. Findings are largely preclinical, and the precise contribution of each receptor subtype remains under study.
SR9009 is frequently discussed in fitness and research-chemical contexts, yet it has no approved medical indication. Regulatory agencies have not authorized it for human use, and it is not a standard prescription drug. Some sports organizations list it as a prohibited substance because of its potential performance-enhancing properties. Published human data are sparse, so claims about its effects in people often rely on animal models or anecdotal reports. Quality and identity of online materials can vary widely.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. It is not an approved medicine and has no established human therapeutic use. The compound appears in scientific literature as a tool for probing circadian and metabolic regulation. Online sellers often label it as a research chemical, sometimes using the nickname Stenabolic. Its chemical identity is distinct from selective androgen receptor modulators, stimulants, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta agonists. Researchers use it mainly in cell and animal experiments.
At the molecular level, SR9009 binds REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ and alters their repressive activity on target genes. These nuclear receptors help regulate the circadian clock, lipid synthesis, glucose metabolism, and inflammatory pathways. By changing transcription, the compound can shift the timing or magnitude of downstream metabolic processes in model systems. It does not act through androgen receptors or adenosine receptors, which distinguishes it from several substances sold for athletic performance. Whether the same transcriptional changes occur in humans at tolerable exposures remains an open question because controlled human studies are lacking.
Preclinical reports describe effects on exercise endurance, mitochondrial content, and lipid profiles in rodents, but these findings come from specific experimental conditions. Many studies use high doses or delivery methods that may not translate directly to human use. SR9009 has been reported to have low oral bioavailability and a short half-life, which complicates interpretation of oral dosing studies. It is not established as safe or effective for any indication. Literature discussions often separate its pharmacological mechanism from unverified claims made in fitness and supplement markets.
Laboratory samples of SR9009 are typically supplied as a white to off-white powder. The compound dissolves readily in organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide and ethanol, while its solubility in water is low. Because of this solubility profile, researchers often prepare concentrated stock solutions in an organic solvent before diluting them into aqueous assay buffers. Light exposure, moisture, and repeated freeze-thaw cycles can degrade many small molecules, so handling procedures usually aim to minimize these factors. Purity is commonly checked before use.
Storage conditions for research-grade SR9009 generally involve a freezer at approximately minus twenty degrees Celsius, sometimes lower for long-term preservation. Containers should remain tightly closed and protected from light. Desiccants may be used to limit moisture uptake. Solutions are often stored in aliquots to avoid repeated warming and cooling. Stability data for the compound under various conditions are limited, so laboratories typically follow supplier recommendations and verify performance through periodic analytical checks rather than assuming indefinite stability.
Identity and purity testing for SR9009 commonly uses liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. This method separates the compound from matrix components and detects it by mass-to-charge transitions, providing sensitive and specific confirmation. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy can support structural identification, while high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection may estimate purity. Because online products labeled as SR9009 may contain other substances or no active compound at all, independent verification is important in research settings. Certificates of analysis are useful but not a substitute for in-house testing.
== Paleontology == Moscow has internationally significant paleontological monuments in its area. One of these is the Gorodnya River with its tributaries, on the banks of which are located outcrops of the Quaternary and older Cretaceous periods. Fossils of the bivalve mollusk Inoceramus kleinii and tubular passages of burrowing animals—described in 2017 as a new ichnospecies, Skolithos gorodnensis—were discovered in Coniacian deposits near the stream bed of the Bolshaya Glinka River. The trace fossils Ichnogenera Diplocraterion, Planolites, Skolithos, and possibly Ophiomorpha were found in Albian deposits. Paleolithic flint tools were discovered in the Quaternary deposits of the Bolshaya Glinka stream bed. In 1878, paleontologist Hermann Trautschold discovered the left flipper of an ichthyosaur (an extinct large marine reptile) near the village of Mnevniki, which later became part of Moscow. In 2014, this ichthyosaur was named Undorosaurus trautscholdi, after its discoverer. Trautschold determined the age of the sediments from which the specimen was taken to be Kimmeridgian; however, according to more recent studies, these sediments were formed during the Tithonian age of the Jurassic period. Other organisms—Albian foraminifera and ammonites—are also known from Moscow deposits. Fossils of various organisms are displayed in Moscow museums, including the Orlov Museum of Paleontology and the Vernadsky State Geological Museum.
In some cases, hepatocyte degeneration is uncommon. E.g., with Alagille syndrome limited degeneration occurs, however, there may be a small amount of apoptosis and enlarged hepatocytes. Cholestasis is often marked by cholate stasis, which are a set of changes that occur in the periportal hepatocytes. Cholate stasis is more common in obstructive cholestasis compared to non-obstructive cholestasis. During the cholate stasis process, hepatocytes first undergo swelling and then degeneration. Under the microscope, this is evident as a lucent cell periphery and enlarged cytoplasm around the nucleus. Oftentimes, Mallory bodies may also be found in the periportal areas. Due to the retention of bile, which contains copper, stains made for staining copper-associated protein can be used to visualize bile accumulation in the hepatocytes. Cholestatic liver cell rosettes may occur in children with chronic cholestasis. Histologically, this is evident as two or more hepatocytes in a pseudotubular fashion that encircle a segment of enlarged bile canaliculi. Children may also have giant hepatocytes present, which are characterized by a pigmented spongy appearance. Giant cell formation is likely caused by the detergent properties of bile salts causing a loss of the lateral membrane and joining of hepatocytes. In the case of Alagille syndrome, hepatocyte degeneration is uncommon. However, there may be a small amount of apoptosis and enlarged hepatocytes. In non-obstructive cholestasis, changes to the portal tracts are unlikely. However, it may occur in some unique situations.
== Biography == For Valve, Morasky composed the music for Team Fortress 2, Portal (with Kelly Bailey), Left 4 Dead, Left 4 Dead 2 (including composing and playing the guitar, keyboard and bass for the fictional hard rock band Midnight Riders), Portal 2, Counter-Strike: Global Offensive, Half-Life: Alyx, and Counter-Strike 2. He also worked as a senior visual effects artist and technical director on The Lord of the Rings and The Matrix film trilogies. Morasky was part of the now-defunct hardcore punk/noise rock band Steel Pole Bath Tub, which he founded in 1986 with Dale Flattum. S.P.B.T. disbanded in 2002.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Nonetheless, the Weinreb–Nahm amide figures prominently into many syntheses, serving as an important coupling partner for various fragments. Shown below are key steps involving Weinreb amides in the synthesis of several natural products, including members of the immunosuppressant family of macrosphelides, and the antibiotic family of spirofungins.
Indium is created by the long-lasting (up to thousands of years) s-process (slow neutron capture) in low-to-medium-mass stars (range in mass between 0.6 and 10 solar masses). When a silver-109 atom captures a neutron, it transmutes into silver-110, which then undergoes beta decay to become cadmium-110. Capturing further neutrons, it becomes cadmium-115, which decays to indium-115 by another beta decay. This explains why the radioactive isotope is more abundant than the stable one. The stable indium isotope, indium-113, is one of the p-nuclei, the origin of which is not fully understood; although indium-113 is known to be made directly in the s- and r-processes (rapid neutron capture), and also as the daughter of very long-lived cadmium-113, which has a half-life of about eight quadrillion years, this cannot account for all indium-113. Indium is the 68th most abundant element in Earth's crust at approximately 50 ppb. This is similar to the crustal abundance of silver, bismuth and mercury. It very rarely forms its own minerals, or occurs in elemental form. Fewer than 10 indium minerals such as roquesite (CuInS2) are known, and none occur at sufficient concentrations for economic extraction. Instead, indium is usually a trace constituent of more common ore minerals, such as sphalerite and chalcopyrite. From these, it can be extracted as a by-product during smelting. While the enrichment of indium in these deposits is high relative to its crustal abundance, it is insufficient, at current prices, to support extraction of indium as the main product.
== Manufacturing == The vaccine candidate can be made in a lyophilized powder form, allowed it to be shipped and stored between 2 and 8 °C (36 and 46 °F). In August 2021, Arcturus Therapeutics entered a partnership with Vinbiocare, a unit of Vingroup to conduct clinical trials of ARCT-154 COVID-19 vaccine, developed created using Arcturus’ STARR mRNA technology, in Vietnam and establish a manufacturing facility a factory in Hòa Lạc Hi-tech Park, Hanoi, which requires an estimated investment of $200 million and has the capacity to make 200 million doses per year. It is expected that Vingroup will produce its first batches of the vaccine in early 2022. Arcturus will provide to Vinbiocare access to "proprietary technologies and processes for the manufacture" of its vaccines, as well as an exclusive license to manufacture them solely for sales and use in Vietnam. This includes all of Arcturus’ other Covid-19 vaccines such as ARCT-021 and other vaccines in the future for disease prevention in Vietnam. Vinbiocare will pay $40m upfront, be responsible for technology transfer costs, and "pay for mRNA drug substance supplied by Arcturus and royalties on vaccines produced at the facility".
Liu Wenhui's role in the Long March is described differently by various sources. According to one account, during the fight with Communist forces while the Long March was in process, Chiang Kai-shek repeatedly ordered Liu to bring his troops against the Communists, but Liu made excuses, while secretly allowing safe passage for the Chinese Red Army in a non-aggression pact. Thus, the engagements around Xiakou Village in 1934 did not involve Liu's 24th Army, but the 21st Army of KMT troops garrisoned just across the Sichuan border in Mingshan. However, a contradictory account of his engagement with the Communists is given by the communist-aligned Guangming Daily, which states that during May 1935 Liu Wenhui was supposedly forced by Chiang Kai-shek to oversee the battle with the Red Army at Hanyuan. Liu's 24th Army suffered heavy losses during the battles of Dadu River and Luding Bridge. Another report in his 1990 biography, also written in mainland China by the communist revolutionaries Peng and Shu, instead states that in May 1935 Chiang ordered Liu, as well as general Li Yunheng (李韞珩) of the 16th Army, to block the communist advance. Li's army had stationed at Kangding, and Li supposedly had ambitions to replace Liu's role as head of Xikang. To avoid expending his forces, Liu had his army stage a battle with the communists, firing into the air when necessary and faking reports to Chiang, letting the Red Army pass through Luding Bridge with minimal engagement.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Its legal status depends on the country and intended use. It is not an approved medicine in major jurisdictions. In sport, it is prohibited by anti-doping rules.
Laboratories typically use LC-MS/MS to detect SR9009 and related compounds in urine or blood. The method is sensitive but depends on sample collection timing. Confirmatory analysis follows quality-control procedures.
Solid material is generally kept cold, dry, and protected from light. Solutions are often stored in sealed containers at low temperature. Stability beyond recommended periods is not well documented.
Laboratories commonly use liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry to detect SR9009. The method can identify the compound and estimate concentration in a sample. Detection limits depend on the matrix and instrument.