This is a working overview of circadian rhythm, written for readers who want more than a one-paragraph summary but less than a textbook.
This page was last updated on 2025-10-12 and is reviewed periodically as new material appears.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as a REV-ERB agonist. REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ are nuclear receptors that help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. The compound was identified in academic screening efforts to find synthetic ligands for these receptors. In cell and animal studies, SR9009 alters transcription of genes involved in lipid and glucose metabolism, and it can shift circadian behavior. It is not an approved therapeutic agent.
Mechanistically, SR9009 binds the ligand-binding domain of REV-ERBα/β and enhances recruitment of corepressor complexes. This represses target genes rather than activating them. Because REV-ERB proteins normally compete with ROR proteins at shared response elements, the net effect depends on tissue and timing. Researchers use SR9009 to probe how nuclear receptor signaling links the clock to metabolism, inflammation, and muscle biology. Findings are largely preclinical, and the precise contribution of each receptor subtype remains under study.
SR9009 is frequently discussed in fitness and research-chemical contexts, yet it has no approved medical indication. Regulatory agencies have not authorized it for human use, and it is not a standard prescription drug. Some sports organizations list it as a prohibited substance because of its potential performance-enhancing properties. Published human data are sparse, so claims about its effects in people often rely on animal models or anecdotal reports. Quality and identity of online materials can vary widely.
At the molecular level, SR9009 binds the ligand-binding domain of REV-ERB and strengthens recruitment of corepressor proteins such as NCoR and HDAC3. This increases repression of target genes, including Bmal1 and other clock-controlled and metabolic genes. In rodent studies, such changes have been linked to altered lipid handling, glucose metabolism, and energy expenditure. The precise chain of events between receptor binding and whole-body effects remains an active area of research. Findings in animals do not automatically translate to humans.
Laboratory studies often administer SR9009 by injection because oral absorption appears poor in rodents. Reported pharmacokinetic properties include rapid metabolism and low systemic exposure after oral dosing. Human pharmacokinetic data are sparse, so absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion in people are not well defined. Some research explores related REV-ERB compounds with improved drug-like properties. Regulatory approval for any REV-ERB agonist as a human medicine has not been granted to date.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Chemical class | Synthetic REV-ERB agonist | Small-molecule ligand; not a hormone or peptide |
| Molecular formula | C20H24ClN3O4S | Reported for the free base |
| CAS Registry Number | 1379686-30-2 | Unique chemical identifier |
| Common synonyms | SR9009; stenabolic | Stenabolic is informal and not an official name |
| Reported targets | REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ | Nuclear receptors linked to circadian and metabolic regulation |
Pharmacokinetic data for SR9009 are limited in published literature. Some reports indicate low oral bioavailability and rapid clearance in animals, which complicates interpretation of exposure and effect. Researchers often use injected routes in preclinical work to achieve measurable systemic levels. Analytical studies rely on mass spectrometry to detect the parent compound and its metabolites. Questions about tissue distribution, active metabolites, and long-term consequences remain open. Species differences in metabolism can affect observed half-life and target engagement.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. In laboratory experiments, SR9009 binds these receptors and alters transcription of genes involved in lipid handling, glucose metabolism, and mitochondrial function. It is not a naturally occurring compound and has no approved therapeutic use. Research interest stems from its ability to modify energy metabolism in cells and animal models.
In rodent studies, SR9009 has been reported to increase mitochondrial content in skeletal muscle and improve exercise endurance under some conditions. These findings led to popular descriptions such as an exercise mimetic, although that term oversimplifies the biology. Effects vary by dose, timing, tissue, and model. The compound's influence on circadian pathways means that time of administration can matter in experiments. Whether similar metabolic changes occur in humans remains largely unexplored in controlled published trials.
Regulatory and sporting contexts treat SR9009 as a prohibited substance in many elite competitions. Its presence on banned lists reflects concerns about performance enhancement and unknown long-term safety. Analytical chemists have developed methods to detect the parent compound and its metabolites in urine and blood. Literature discussions distinguish between in vitro potency, animal pharmacology, and anecdotal human reports. The latter are difficult to verify because products sold online may lack purity or contain different compounds.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms, lipid metabolism, and inflammatory gene expression. In cell and animal experiments, SR9009 alters transcription of clock-controlled genes and metabolic pathways. The compound is not a hormone and does not resemble classical steroid structures. Its activity depends on binding to the ligand-binding domain of REV-ERB, where it can modify corepressor recruitment.
At the molecular level, SR9009 binds REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ and alters their repressive activity on target genes. These nuclear receptors help regulate the circadian clock, lipid synthesis, glucose metabolism, and inflammatory pathways. By changing transcription, the compound can shift the timing or magnitude of downstream metabolic processes in model systems. It does not act through androgen receptors or adenosine receptors, which distinguishes it from several substances sold for athletic performance. Whether the same transcriptional changes occur in humans at tolerable exposures remains an open question because controlled human studies are lacking.
Preclinical reports describe effects on exercise endurance, mitochondrial content, and lipid profiles in rodents, but these findings come from specific experimental conditions. Many studies use high doses or delivery methods that may not translate directly to human use. SR9009 has been reported to have low oral bioavailability and a short half-life, which complicates interpretation of oral dosing studies. It is not established as safe or effective for any indication. Literature discussions often separate its pharmacological mechanism from unverified claims made in fitness and supplement markets.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. It is not an approved medicine and has no established human therapeutic use. The compound appears in scientific literature as a tool for probing circadian and metabolic regulation. Online sellers often label it as a research chemical, sometimes using the nickname Stenabolic. Its chemical identity is distinct from selective androgen receptor modulators, stimulants, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta agonists. Researchers use it mainly in cell and animal experiments.
=== Type 2 diabetes === The American Diabetes Association and the American College of Physicians both recommend metformin as a first-line agent to treat type 2 diabetes. It is as effective as repaglinide and more effective than all other oral drugs for type 2 diabetes.
Anshel Pfeffer(Hebrew: אנשיל פפר, born 22 June 1973); British -Israeli journalist; a senior correspondent and columnist for Haaretz, covering military, Jewish and international affairs, and Israel correspondent for The Economist.; has also written for The Guardian, The New York Times, The Washington Post and The Times; received the B'nai B'rith award for "Recognizing Excellence in Diaspora Reportage" Melanie Phillips,(born 4 June 1951) Neoconservative, and right wing hawkish pro Zionist journalist; began her career writing for The Guardian and New Statesman; during the 1990s, she came to identify with ideas more associated with the right and currently writes for The Times, The Jerusalem Post, and The Jewish Chronicle, covering political and social issues from a social conservative perspective.Irving Kristol, defines her as a liberal who has "been mugged by reality";was panellist on BBC Radio 4 programme The Moral Maze and BBC One's Question Time; was awarded the Orwell Prize for Journalism Hella Pick CBE (24 April 1929 – 4 April 2024); in 1960, was UN correspondent of The Guardian newspaper, tutored by chief US correspondent Alistair Cooke; awarded CBE in 2000; was Arts & Culture Programme Director at Institute for Strategic Dialogue, an independent think-tank based in London; author ofSimon Wiesenthal: A Life in Search of Justice, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1996; Guilty Victim – Austria from the Holocaust to Haider, I B Tauris & Co Ltd, 2000 and Invisible Walls, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2021 Gabriel Pogrund (born 1993 or 1994) is a journalist who has worked for the New Statesman, Shortlist, Ha'aretz and Jewish News and is currently Whitehall editor at The Sunday Times; won 2017 Young Journalist of the Year at the British Press Awards and in 2018 was a Stern Fellow at The Washington Post. In 2020 Pogrund and Patrick Maguire published Left Out: The Inside Story of Labour Under Corbyn, which in part, addresses charges of, and assumptions about 'the new anti-Semitism' in the Labour Party. Eve Pollard Evelyn, Lady Lloyd, (née Pollard, formerly Winkleman, born 25 December 1943); has been the editor of several tabloid newspapers; was fashion editor at Honey magazine; also worked for Daily Mirror; was launch editor-in-chief of Elle magazine in the US and edited Sunday magazine for the News of the World and You magazine for the Mail on Sunday; also worked in television as features editor of TV-am (1982–1983) and devised Frocks on the Box for ITV contractor TVS.; often appeared on radio and TV; was regular participant in Through the Keyhole; was a guest panellist on the talk show Loose Women; in 2016, was appointed the first Chair of Reporters without Borders in the UK. In June 2019, was awarded the prestigious Journalist Laureate prize by the London Press Club. She has been a member, appointed in 1999, of the Competition Commission's Newspaper Takeover Panel. Pollard was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2008 Birthday Honours List for services to journalism. Stephen Pollard (born 18 December 1964); was editor of The Jewish Chronicle; was researcher for Labour MP Peter Shore; worked for the Fabian Society; joined the Social Market Foundation; Senior Fellow at Civitas; was president for the Centre for the New Europe and in 2007, first chair of the European Institute for the Study of Contemporary Antisemitism;signatory founder of the Henry Jackson Society, a neoconservative British foreign policy think tank. Karen Pollock journalist, writer, activist chief executive of Holocaust Educational Trust (HET); was Director of the All-Party Parliamentary Group against Antisemitism; later joined Holocaust Educational Trust (HET); is involved with the anti-fascist organisation Searchlight and London Jewish Forum, as well as the Holocaust Memorial Day Trust. She has written for The Guardian, Jewish News, The Jewish Chronicle, and The Huffington Post; gave TED talk entitled 'The search for humanity in the Holocaust' for TEDxDurhamUniversity 2016. She represented British Jews at United Nations World Conference against Racism. She is a vice-president of the Jewish Leadership Council. She was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2012 New Year Honours for services to education, specifically about the Holocaust, and Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2020 Birthday Honours for services to Holocaust education. Marjorie Proops, agony aunt Richard Quest(born 9 March 1962) journalist and barrister working as news anchor for CNN International; also an editor-at-large of CNN Business; anchors Quest Means Business, the five-times-weekly business program and fronts the CNN shows Business Traveller, The Express and Quest's World of Wonder; Quest wrote the book, The Vanishing of Flight MH370: The True Story of the Hunt for the Missing Malaysian Plane, published by Penguin Random House on 8 March 2016. Kimberly Quinn (formerly Fortier; née Solomon; born 1961); journalist, commentator and magazine publisher and writer; publisher of British conservative news magazine The Spectator; has written for The Wall Street Journal, Vogue and UK newspapers The Daily Telegraph, The Times, Evening Standard, and The Independent; was the Communications and marketing director for Condé Nast Publications in the UK. 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Claire Rayner, agony aunt Jay Rayner (born 14 September 1966) food critic for The Guardian, The Mail on Sunday, GQ, Esquire, Cosmopolitan, New Statesman and Granta; first novel, The Marble Kiss, published in 1994, shortlisted for Author's Club First Novel Award; second novel, Day of Atonement (1998) shortlisted for the Jewish Quarterly Prize for Fiction Hugo Rifkind(born 30 March 1977); columnist for The Times; presenter on Times Radio; regular guest on The News Quiz, on BBC Radio 4; contributes to GQ; son of Conservative Party politician Sir Malcolm Rifkind; Columnist of the Year in the 2011 Editorial Intelligence Comment Awards, and Media Commentator of the Year in the same awards in 2012; highly commended in the Best of Humour category at the Society of Editors' Press Awards; was Stonewall's Journalist of the Year; also named Best Grooming Journalist in the P&G Beauty Awards; In 2015, at the Comment Awards, he was named Arts, Culture and Entertainment Commentator of The Year. in 2017, he won both Best of Humour and Critic of the Year at the Society of Editors' Press Awards. Robert Rinder (born 31 May 1978), barrister, television personality and columnist for The Sun, Daily Mail, Evening Standard; host for TalkTV. In 2014, began hosting reality courtroom series Judge Rinder. In 2019, began hosting Channel 4 series The Rob Rinder Verdict. In 2022, Rinder became a regular host on ITV's Good Morning Britain. Nick Robinson (journalist), BBC broadcaster of German Jewish ancestry; was president of the Oxford University Conservative Association; president of the Conservative Party youth group; was deputy editor of Panorama; worked for ITV News as political editor; presented Westminster Live, Weekend Breakfast and Late Night Live on BBC Radio 5 Live, and Newsnight on BBC Two; covered general election for BBC Radio; co-hosted BBC Two's Icons: The Greatest Person of the 20th Century alongside Claudia Winkleman; hosted final debate between Boris Johnson and Jeremy Corbyn prior to 2019 general election; author of two books. 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His interests include human rights, miscarriages of justice, the death penalty, racism, the war on terror, politics, and climate change denial; author of six non-fiction books and a novel, Taking Morgan, a thriller set in Washington, Oxford, Tel Aviv and Gaza; named News Reporter of the Year in the Society of Editors British Press Awards for 2015; brother of Bernard Rose (director), filmmaker and screenwriter, considered pioneer of digital filmmaking. Phil Rosenberg (Jewish leader) (b. 1986) writes for Jewish Chronicle, Jewish News, Times of Israel, regularly appears on British television as social commentator; current President of the Board of Deputies of British Jews; served as a Labour councillor ; served as Director of the Faiths Forum for London managing relationships between various religious denominations; at University, was co-director of Muslim-Jewish dialogue group; ran Arab-Jewish dialogue group at Hebrew University in Jerusalem; works as consultant in government relations, media, faith, and diplomacy; Vice President at the World Jewish Congress, extending influence and involvement in global Jewish affairs; Vice President of the Jewish Leadership Council and a Trustee of the Holocaust Memorial Day Trust. Steve Rosenberg (born 5 April 1968); was part of CBS News crew covering first war in Chechnya; journalist for BBC News and has been the BBC's Moscow correspondent since 2003, except for stint as Berlin correspondent between 2006 and 2010; in 2022, was appointed BBC's Russia editor. Jonathan Rosenhead (born 21 September 1938), mathematician, operational researcher and Labour Party activist; author of a number of scholarly monographs and works of political analysis, including The Technology of Political Control, published by Penguin Books; op-ed journalist for The Guardian, New Scientist, Haaretz, Times Higher Education (THE), openDemocracy, and anti-Zionist website Mondoweiss; active in the British Society for Social Responsibility in Science over a 20-year period; is chairman of the British Committee for the Universities of Palestine (BRICUP) and information officer for Jewish Voice for Labour. Joshua Rozenberg KC (hon) (born 1950), British solicitor, legal affairs commentator, journalist; husband of Melanie Phillips, began career in journalism in 1975 at the BBC where he launched Law in Action on BBC Radio 4 in 1984. At BBC he worked as producer, reporter and legal correspondent; in 2000 left to join The Daily Telegraph as legal affairs editor, where he remained until 2008. After leaving the Telegraph wrote for Evening Standard ; writes for Law Society Gazette and The Critic; wrote for The Guardian's online law page from 2010 to 2016; returned to the BBC to present Law in Action, nearly 25 years after leaving the radio programme. He continues to be seen on BBC Television News as a legal affairs analyst. In January 2016, was made an honorary QC. Dan Sabbagh, Defence and Security Editor and Journalist for The Guardian Jonathan Sacerdoti, writer, campaigner, broadcaster, journalist and TV producer; covers stories relating to the UK and Europe, as well as terrorism and extremism stories, race relations, Middle East analysis and the British royal family. He is also a campaigner against antisemitism. James Schneider (born 17 June 1987) political organiser, journalist; co-founded the left-wing grassroots movement Momentum; was PR advisor to Jeremy Corbyn as Director of Strategic Communications; joined Think Africa Press in 2010, a role he held until he became the senior correspondent at New African; has written articles for publications such as The Independent, the New Statesman, Novara Media, and LabourList. L. J. K. Setright, motoring journalist Rachel Shabi; British journalist and author; contributing writer to The Guardian and the author of Not the Enemy, Israel's Jews from Arab Lands, which argued that Israel has discriminated against and culturally stripped its population of Jews from Arab and Muslim countries. The book received a National Jewish Book Award.Born in Israel to Iraqi Jewish parents in Ramat Gan, Shabi grew up in the UK. Jonathan Shalit (born 17 April 1962), journalist writing for Jewish Chronicle, The Sun, The Telegraph, Daily Express, Royal Television; talent manager and chairman of the InterTalent Rights Group; advises government on the UK's entertainment and creative industries; has guided and managed Charlotte Church, Mel B, Baroness Brady, Kelly Brook, Cher, Dame Joan Collins, Rebecca Ferguson, Katherine Jenkins, Sir Elton John, Vinnie Jones, Kelly Hoppen, Lorraine Kelly, Myleene Klass, N-Dubz, Arlene Phillips, Sir George Martin (the Beatles' producer), Pixie Lott, Sting, Tulisa, Gregg Wallace, Simon Cowell, and the winners of the ITV television talent show Britain's Got Talent. Shalit is chair of trustees and Chief Barker of Variety, the Children's Charity and a leading figure behind the return to London of the Variety Club Showbusiness Awards in 2022. He is also Chairman of the MOBO Charity Foundation (Music of Black Origin), a Trustee of both ChickenShed (Theatre Changing Lives), Patron of the Royal Television Society and co-chairman of the Classic BRITS, and a supporter of Norwood. He gave evidence to Leveson Inquiry into practices and ethics of British Press and was awarded the OBE in 2014 for services to entertainment industry. He also holds an honorary professorship, awarded in 2012, and honorary doctorate at Henley Business School of Reading University in recognition of his contribution to the arts, music and broadcasting. Miriam Shaviv (born 24 August 1976), columnist for "The Jewish Chronicle", "Haaretz", "The Times of Israel", "The Forward"; former literary editor of The Jerusalem Post; Features Editor of the "Times Higher Education" magazine. David Shukman (born 30 May 1958) journalist, and the former science editor of BBC News. Alexandra Shulman (born 13 November 1957); daughter of the critic Milton Shulman and the writer Drusilla Beyfus; previously worked at Arista Records; columnist for The Daily Telegraph and Daily Mail; first novel, Can We Still Be Friends?, published in 2012; was assessed as one of the 100 most powerful women in the United Kingdom by Woman's Hour on BBC Radio 4. Shulman was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire in the 2005 New Year Honours for services to the magazine industry. She was later promoted to Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 2018 New Year Honours for services to fashion journalism; was formerly a trustee of the National Portrait Gallery. Brother Jason Shulman worked as graphic designer for The Sunday Telegraph and art director for Harpers & Queen and Harvey Nichols' magazines. Jake Wallis Simons; Editor of the Jewish Chronicle, writer for The Jerusalem Post, The Times of Israel, Haaretz, the Spectator, the Telegraph, a commentator for Sky News and a broadcaster for BBC Radio 4 and the World Service; was Associate Global Editor for the Daily Mail Online, and features writer for the Sunday Telegraph; also worked for the Times, The Guardian, CNN, POLITICO, Newsweek and La Repubblica; author of Israelophobia: The Newest Version of the Oldest Hatred and What To Do About It, published by Little, Brown and Company Samantha Simmonds (born 1972 or 1973); newsreader, television presenter and journalist; was a news anchor for Sky News until July 2016; returned to presenting for BBC News in March 2017; has also written for Jewish News, MSN (US), Daily Mail, Daily Mirror, The Sun, The Telegraph, Yahoo News Australia, Evening Standard, Times of Israel, Good Housekeeping (UK), HuffPost UK, Women's Health, Women's Health (UK), TV Times, Glamour (UK), Celebs Now, The Jewish Chronicle, Woman Magazine. Ruth Smeeth (née Anderson; born 29 June 1979);Labour Party politician;became director of public affairs and campaigns at the Britain Israel Communications and Research Centre (BICOM) in November 2005; writes for Index on Censorship, The Guardian, Daily Mail, The Independent, The Telegraph, Daily Express, The Sunday Times, The Times, Times of Israel, HuffPost UK, New Statesman;was a deputy director of anti-racist organisation, Hope not Hate. She has also been employed by the Community Security Trust and has worked for the Board of Deputies of British Jews and she is a member of Labour Friends of Israel.; became chief executive of Index on Censorship, an organisation which campaigns for freedom of speech. Jon Sopel, journalist; presents The Politics Show on BBC One; one of the lead presenters on News 24; voted 'Political Journalist of the Year' by Public Affairs Industry; shortlisted for 'National Presenter of the Year' at the Royal Television Society television journalism awards 2011/2012. Hedi Stadlen (6 January 1916 – 21 January 2004), British, of Austrian Jewish ancestry, journalist, pamphleteer, Communist, Musicologist, better known in Sri Lanka as Hedi Keuneman, was an Austrian Jewish philosopher, political activist, and musicologist. She was one of the handful of European Radicals in Sri Lanka. Matthew Stadlen is her grandson. Matthew Stadlen (b.1979); presenter on LBC, BBC Radio 5 Live; grandson of concert pianist Peter Stadlen and Hedi Stadlen, activist and musicologist; worked on Newsnight, The New Statesman, The Spectator and for Radio Times, and has worked as a consultant on ITV political programmes Bob Stanley (born Robert Andrew Shukman; 25 December 1964); musician, journalist, author, film producer; member of indie pop group Saint Etienne and music journalist for NME, Melody Maker, Mojo, The Guardian and The Times, as well as writing three books on music and football; also has a career as a DJ and as a producer of record labels, and has collaborated on a series of films about London. His second publication, Yeah! Yeah! Yeah!: The Story of Modern Pop, published by Faber & Faber; third publication Let's Do It: The Birth of Pop Music: A History, published by Pegasus. Mark Steyn (born 8 December 1959) is a British-Canadian author and a radio and television presenter. He has written several books. He is Anglican, but has Jewish maternal ancestry. Steyn's great-aunt was artist Stella Steyn. His mother's family was Belgian. Zoe Strimpel(born 8 July 1982); journalist, author, and commentator on gender and relationships. She is a columnist for The Sunday Telegraph where she writes a weekly column, commenting on gender, feminism, dating, relationships and identity politics;has also written on relations between men and women for Elle, the Sunday Times Style magazine, and HuffPost. She has also contributed to The Jewish Chronicle, The Spectator, and UnHerd. John Suchet, newsreader, journalist and brother of actor David Suchet, son of Jack Suchet, of Russian Jewish ancestry. He is the father of Russia Today RT journalist and presenter Rory Suchet. Helen Szamuely (25 June 1950 – 5 April 2017), historian and Eurosceptic, researcher for the Bruges Group (United Kingdom); daughter of Lenin Boys leader, Tibor Szamuely, wrote for the BBC Russian Service, History Today, Standpoint, New Statesman, Guardian, Salisbury Review, EUobserver and Social Affairs Unit; sister of George Szamuely. Christopher Tugendhat, Baron Tugendhat (born 23 February 1937),; Conservative Party politician, businessman, journalist and author; Member of Parliament until 1977, then Member of the European Commission, Lord Tugendhat entered the House of Lords in 1993; sits as Life Peer; was features editor and leader writer for the Financial Times; served as Vice-President of European Commission; author of Oil: The Biggest Business (1968); Multinationals (1971); Making Sense of Europe (1986); Options for British Foreign Policy in the 1990s (Nov 1988) Tom Tugendhat (born 27 June 1973) journalist; has written for Daily Mail, Financial Times, Jewish News, Jewish Chronicle; is also Minister of State for Security; member of Conservative Party, Member of Parliament; was chairman of the House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee; has served as public relations consultant in the Middle East and was officer in the British Army reserves, the Territorial Army; Tugendhat served in the Iraq War and the Afghanistan War. 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== Safety == Good clinical compliance was observed at the typical clinical oral dose of 150 mg/day, with no symptomatic side effect reported. The adverse event rate was higher at high dose zinc L-carnosine (300 mg/day) without additional benefits, and therefore high dose is not recommended. Side-effects are associated with the amount of zinc intake. According to the Japanese product monograph, safety in children below the age of 12, pregnant women and lactating women are not established (no experience in use); and the level of use in the elderly population is suggested and recommended at 100 mg zinc L-carnosine per day because of reduced digestive system function in the general elderly population; and those with poor liver functions should be under medical supervision. Those with copper deficiency should also be under medical supervision. Although zinc L-carnosine caused an increase in serum zinc level, the serum copper level and copper:zinc ratio decreased, and a case of preexisting copper deficiency deteriorated. As a mitigative, supplementation of 2 mg/day copper as glycinate chelate safely increases Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase activity. There is no evidence of a reduced tumor response to radiotherapy.
Drawing is a manufacturing process that uses tensile forces to elongate metal, glass, or plastic. As the material is drawn (pulled), it stretches and becomes thinner, achieving a desired shape and thickness. Drawing is classified into two types: sheet metal drawing and wire, bar, and tube drawing. Sheet metal drawing is defined as a plastic deformation over a curved axis. For wire, bar, and tube drawing, the starting stock is drawn through a die to reduce its diameter and increase its length. Drawing is usually performed at room temperature, thus classified as a cold working process; however, drawing may also be performed at higher temperatures to hot work large wires, rods, or hollow tubes in order to reduce forces. Drawing differs from rolling in that pressure is not applied by the turning action of a mill but instead depends on force applied locally near the area of compression. This means the maximal drawing force is limited by the tensile strength of the material, a fact particularly evident when drawing thin wires. The starting point of cold drawing is hot-rolled stock of a suitable size.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
== Professional organizations for clinical data management == International Network of Clinical Data Management Associations (INCDMA) aims at the promotion of collaboration among clinical data management groups around the world. It is an international forum for discussion of and feedback on current topics of relevance to the discipline of CDM. It is composed of members the boards of the SCDM, ACDM, DMB (France), PSDM (The Netherlands) who participate in the INCDMA proceedings and funding. It also regroups DM leaders and subject matter experts from Europe, North America, Israel, Japan, China and Australia. The Association for Clinical Data Management (ACDM) is a global organization founded in 1987 and is Empowering Excellence in Clinical Data Management. The ACDM represents a vibrant community of dedicated clinical research professionals who are passionate about enhancing the drug development process through fostering an environment that encourages continuous learning and the practical application of modern Clinical Data Management practices. With over 35 years of service to the data management community, the ACDM's unwavering commitment is to provide clear and effective platforms for its members to network, share experiences, and stay abreast of the latest regulations and standards in Clinical Data Management. Along with supporting members on their professional development journeys, offering opportunities to gain the skills and insights needed to excel in their careers and shape the future of data management.
=== Precursors to chemicals === By the process of cracking, alkanes can be converted to alkenes. Simple alkenes are precursors to polymers, such as polyethylene and polypropylene. When the cracking is taken to extremes, alkanes can be converted to carbon black, which is a significant tire component. Chlorination of methane gives chloromethanes, which are used as solvents and building blocks for complex compounds. Similarly treatment of methane with sulfur gives carbon disulfide. Still other chemicals are prepared by reaction with sulfur trioxide and nitric oxide.
In September 2023, a USC professor Brett L. Carter wrote on his Foreign Affairs piece how the second cold war, exacerbated by China's influence in African affairs, would cause weakened democracy in Africa to recede back to authoritarianism, leading to potential economic hindrance for the continent. As further noted by Carter, while China had been "the Soviet Union's junior partner" to rival the US in the original Cold War, the Soviet Union's successor Russia in the newer cold war has had "more narrow" interests in Africa than China has. Nevertheless, Carter noted how China's and Russia's own domestic situations would hamper Africa's long-term goals. Carter further suggested that the US do more to counter the influences of China and Russia toward Africa. In the same period, General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea Kim Jong Un called for an accelerated increase in the production of domestic nuclear weapons in response to the world entering a "new Cold War" between the United States and a "coalition of nations" including China, Russia, and North Korea. In December 2023, Gita Gopinath, first deputy managing director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), warned that the deepening "fragmentation" between the two power blocs—one by the United States and European allies; another by China and Russia—would lead to "cold war two", impacting "gains from open trade" and risking potentially loss of up to US$7 trillion.
=== Milk pasteurization by microwave === When storage conditions of milk are controlled, milk tends to have a very good flavor. However, oxidized flavor is a problem that affects the taste and safety of milk in a negative way. To prevent the growth of pathogenic bacteria and extend the shelf life of milk, pasteurization processes were developed. Microwaved milk has been studied and developed to prevent oxidation compared to traditional pasteurized milk methods, and it has been concluded that milk has a better quality when it has microwaved milk pasteurization.
A smart insulin patch, also known as a glucose-responsive insulin patch, is a type of wearable medical device for diabetes treatment. It is a transdermal patch comprising glucose-sensitive microneedle-array loaded with insulin for blood glucose regulation. Once applied on the skin, the microneedles penetrate under the skin and can sense blood sugar levels. If glucose levels go up, it can promote the release of insulin, which is transported through the regional lymph and capillary vessels for glucose regulation.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
SR9009 is a synthetic compound investigated as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. It is used in preclinical research on circadian rhythm and metabolism. It is not an approved drug.
No. It has no approved medical indication, and human safety and efficacy data are limited. It appears in research chemical markets and is banned by some sports authorities.
Natural ligands include heme and certain metabolites; SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule with higher potency and selectivity in some assays. Its effects depend on cell type and timing. It is not a naturally occurring compound.
SR9009 is a synthetic research compound that activates the REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ nuclear receptors. It is not an approved drug and has no established human therapeutic use. Most published biological data come from cell and rodent studies.